学名(拉丁名) | Scleria |
中文名 | 珍珠茅属 |
命名人 | Berg. |
中文科名 | 莎草科 |
类型 | genus |
拉丁科名 | Cyperaceae |
学名(拉丁名) | Scleria |
中文名 | 珍珠茅属 |
中文科名 | 莎草科 |
类型 | genus |
拉丁科名 | Cyperaceae |
学名(拉丁名) | Scleria |
类型 | genus |
拉丁科名 | Cyperaceae |
学名(拉丁名) | Scleria |
中文名 | 珍珠茅属 |
类型 | genus |
拉丁科名 | Cyperaceae |
学名(拉丁名) | Scleria |
中文名 | 珍珠茅属 |
中文科名 | 莎草科 |
类型 | genus |
拉丁科名 | Cyperaceae |
学名(拉丁名) | Scleria |
发表年份 | 1765(年) |
类型 | genus |
拉丁科名 | Cyperaceae |
学名(拉丁名) | Scleria |
类型 | genus |
1 | 两性小穗占多数。 (2) | 两性穗亚属 Subgen. Hypoporum |
1 | 两性小穗占少数或不存在。 (4) | 珍珠茅亚属 Subgen. Scleria |
2 | 一年生草本,无根状茎。鳞片卵形。小坚果表面具波状的横皱纹。纤稈珍珠茅 S. pergracilis (Nees) Kunth | 两性穗组 Sect. Hypoporum |
2 | 多年生草本,具木质匍匐根状茎。鳞片披针形或卵状披针形。小坚果平滑、近于平滑或具不明显的皱纹。 (3) | 石果珍珠茅组 Sect. Lithospermae |
3 | 植株各部无毛。稈细弱。小穗长3-4.5毫米。小坚果倒卵形或椭圆形,长达2.5毫米,下位盘不发达;叶宽1.5-2毫米。 | 石果珍珠茅 Scleria lithosperma |
3 | 植株各部被毛。稈较粗壮。小穗长8-10毫米。小坚果宽卵形或近圆形,长达3.5毫米,下位盘褐色,碟状;叶宽12-15毫米。 | 香港珍珠茅 Scleria radula |
4 | 无根状茎或根状茎不发达;植株一般矮小。 (5) | 网果珍珠茅组 Sect. Tessellatae |
4 | 其根状茎;植株高大,粗壮。 (8) | 高稈珍珠茅组 Sect. Elatae C. B. Clarke |
5 | 小坚果的下位盘很不发达;小坚果近卵圆形,基部截形,长2-2.25毫米(不包括子房柄),表面具网纹。 | 南京珍珠茅 Scleria nankingensis |
5 | 小坚果具下位盘,盘具明显裂片。 (6) | |
6 | 侧生支花序下弯;苞片线状披针形。小坚果小,直径1.5毫米;下位盘的裂片顶端圆钝。 | 垂序珍珠茅 Scleria onoei |
6 | 侧生支花序直立或斜出,不下弯;苞片刚毛状。小坚果较大,直径约2毫米;下位盘的裂片顶端急尖或渐尖。 (7) | |
7 | 叶鞘无毛。下位盘的裂片顶端渐尖,膜质,褐色,长约为果的一半;小坚果顶端具黑紫色短尖。 | 网果珍珠茅 Scleria tessellata |
7 | 叶鞘具翅,被长柔毛。下盘的裂片顶端急尖,质较厚,黄白色,长约为小坚果的1/3-1/4;小坚果顶端具黄白色短尖。 | 二花珍珠茅 Scleria biflora |
8 | 稈三稜形;叶鞘(稈中部)具翅(在黑鳞珍珠茅,翅不显著)。 (9) | |
8 | 稈圆柱状或略呈钝三稜形。叶鞘无翅。 (15) | |
9 | 小坚果多少具网纹,被毛。 (10) | |
9 | 小坚果平滑无毛。 (13) | |
10 | 鳞片黑紫色;叶鞘(稈中部)的翅不明显;圆锥花序不具或很少具1个相距稍远的侧生支圆锥花序。 | 黑鳞珍珠茅 Scleria hookeriana |
10 | 鳞片褐色或红褐色;叶鞘(稈中部)具较明显的翅;圆锥花序具1-3个相距稍远的侧生支圆锥花序。 (11) | |
11 | 叶舌为舌状,长4-12毫米,无毛。 | 华珍珠茅 Scleria chinensis |
11 | 叶舌不为舌状,呈半圆形或近半圆形,较短,通常长度不超过4毫米,具髯毛。 (12) | |
12 | 小坚果的下位盘具3浅裂或几不裂;裂片扁半圆形,短,顶端钝圆。 | 高稈珍珠茅 Scleria elata |
12 | 小坚果的下位盘具3深裂;裂片披针状三角形或卵状三角形,较长,顶端急尖或近截形。 | 毛果珍珠茅 Scleria herbecarpa |
13 | 圆锥花序由于分枝短或无分枝而似穗状;小穗具3-5条坚硬而伸出于顶端的芒。小坚果稍大,长4-4.5毫米;下位盘为不明显的3浅裂。 | 细根茎珍珠茅 Scleria psilorrhiza |
13 | 圆锥花序分枝长而张开;小穗无芒或只具少数纤细的芒;小坚果较小,长3-3.5毫米;下位盘具较明显的三裂。 (14) | |
14 | 小苞片呈鳞片状,较小穗为短。叶厚革质,几无叶舌。雄蕊1。小坚果稍大,直径2.5毫米;下位盘的裂片三角形。 | 稻形珍珠茅 Scleria oryzoides |
14 | 小苞片刚毛状,较小穗为长。叶纸质,具明显的叶古。雄蕊3个。小坚果较小,直径2毫米;下位盘的裂片近半圆形。 | 光果珍珠茅 Scleria laeviformis |
15 | 小坚果平滑,仅顶部被稀疏的微硬毛;下位盘不为杯状,紧贴小坚果基部,裂片三角形,边缘反折;叶互生。 | 圆稈珍珠茅 Scleria harlandii |
15 | 小坚果表面具近六角形网纹,被疏柔毛;下位盘为杯状,围绕小坚果周围,高约为小坚果的1/2-4/5,裂片顶端具齿,边缘不反折;叶3个假轮生。 | 印尼珍珠茅 Scleria sumatrensis |
1 | Bisexual spikelets dominant on inflorescences; disk subtending nutlet either stipelike or indistinct | (2) |
1 + | Bisexual spikelets few or absent on inflorescences; disk subtending nutlet lobed or cup-shaped (but not well developed in S. novae-hollandiae ) | (6) |
2 (1) | Annuals, without a rhizome; inflorescences spicate; glumes ovate; nutlet surface transversely rugose. (1) | S. pergracilis |
2 (1) + | Perennials, with a woody creeping rhizome; inflorescences paniculate; glumes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; nutlet surface smooth, subsmooth, or slightly rugose | (3) |
3 (2) | Spikelets 4-10 mm, pilose; disk stalklike | (4) |
3 (2) + | Spikelets 3-4.5 mm, glabrous; disk appressed to nutlet | (5) |
4 (3) | Nutlet 1.5-1.8 mm, covered with tufts of stellate hairs; contraligule absent. (2) | S. neesii |
4 (3) + | Nutlet 2.5-2.7 mm, glabrous; contraligule narrow. (3) | S. tonkinensis |
5 (3) | Culms 30-60 cm tall, 1.4-2 mm thick; leaf blade 1.5-2 mm wide; lateral branches of inflorescence often spicate, single; nutlet ca. 2.5 mm. (4) | S. lithosperma |
5 (3) + | Culms 60-200 cm tall, 3-7 mm thick; leaf blade 15-20 mm wide; lateral branches of inflorescence cymose, often binate; nutlet ca. 3.5 mm. (5) | S. corymbosa |
6 (1) | Small annuals (or short-lived perennials); rhizomes absent or not well developed | (7) |
6 (1) + | Perennials; rhizomes well developed and prominent | (11) |
7 (6) | Involucral bracts linear-lanceolate; nutlet ca. 1.5 mm in diam.; disk lobes obtuse. (7) | S. rugosa |
7 (6) + | Involucral bracts setaceous; nutlet ca. 2 mm in diam.; disk lobes acute or acuminate | (8) |
8 (7) | Leaf sheath glabrous; disk ca. 1/2 height of nutlet, lobes brown, membranous, apex acuminate; nutlet surface smooth | (9) |
8 (7) + | Leaf sheath villous; disk 1/4-1/3 height of nutlet, lobes yellowish white, thick, apex acute; nutlet surface pitted with regular longitudinally elongate pattern | (10) |
9 (8) | Nutlet ± spherical, apex with purple tip. (8) | S. biflora |
9 (8) + | Nutlet trisulcate, apex with yellowish white tip. (9) | S. laxa |
10 (8) | Nutlet 2-2.5 mm, subovoid-spherical; perianth lobes rounded at apex. (6) | S. novae-hollandiae |
10 (8) + | Nutlet 2.8-3 mm, spheroid to obovoid-spherical; perianth lobes acute at apex. (10) | S. parvula |
11 (6) | Culms terete or slightly 3-angled; leaf sheath not winged | (12) |
11 (6) + | Culms 3-angled or triquetrous; leaf sheath winged at middle part of culm (not obviously in S. hookeriana ) | (13) |
12 (11) | Nutlet surface smooth, only apically slightly hispid; disk not cup-shaped, scarcely 1/5 height of nutlet, appressed to base of nutlet, lobes triangular, margins reflexed; leaves alternate, well spaced, not whorled. (23) | S. harlandii |
12 (11) + | Nutlet surface hexagonally reticulate, pilose; disk cup-shaped, 1/2-4/5 height of nutlet and enclosing it, lobe apex dentate, margins not reflexed; leaves ± 3-whorled. (24) | S. sumatrensis |
13 (11) | Nutlet smooth | (14) |
13 (11) + | Nutlet ± reticulate and stellate-hairy | (17) |
14 (13) | Inflorescences subspicate, branches short or without secondary branches; spikelets with 3-5 awns; nutlet 4-4.5 mm; disk obscurely 3-lobed. (19) | S. psilorrhiza |
14 (13) + | Inflorescences paniculate; spikelets without or with fewer fine awns; nutlet 3-3.5 mm; disk obviously 3-lobed | (15) |
15 (14) | Bractlets glumelike, shorter than spikelet; leaf blade thickly leathery, contraligule scarcely developed; stamen 1; nutlet ca. 2.5 mm in diam.; disk lobes triangular. (20) | S. poiformis |
15 (14) + | Bractlets setaceous, longer than spikelet; leaf blade papery, contraligule conspicuous and triangular; stamens 3; nutlet ca. 2 mm in diam.; disk lobes subrounded at apex | (16) |
16 (15) | Inflorescences with 4 or 5 lateral branches; disk lobes semicircular. (21) | S. radula |
16 (15) + | Inflorescences with 1-3 lateral branches; disk lobes ovate. (22) | S. oblata |
17 (13) | Glumes blackish purple; leaf sheath obscurely winged; inflorescences without or rarely with a distant branch. (11) | S. hookeriana |
17 (13) + | Glumes brown or reddish brown; leaf sheath obviously winged; inflorescences with 1-3 distant branches | (18) |
18 (17) | Contraligule oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 4-12 mm, glabrous. (12) | S. ciliaris |
18 (17) + | Contraligule depressed rounded, semicircular or nearly semicircular, at most 4 mm, ciliate or glabrescent | (19) |
19 (18) | Disk slightly 3-lobed or barely lobed; lobes flatly semicircular, apex rounded | (20) |
19 (18) + | Disk deeply 3-lobed; lobes lanceolate-triangular or ovate-triangular, apex acute to subtruncate | (21) |
20 (19) | Nutlet with white reticulation. (13) | S. terrestris |
20 (19) + | Nutlet with purplish brown reticulation. (14) | S. dulungensis |
21 (19) | Nutlet ca. 2 mm in diam., rugose. (15) | S. levis |
21 (19) + | Nutlet 2.5-2.8 mm in diam., reticulate-pitted or scrobiculate | (22) |
22 (21) | Leaves alternate, not whorled; disk yellowish white. (16) | S. jiangchengensis |
22 (21) + | Leaves in whorls of 2-5; disk brownish purple | (23) |
23 (22) | Nutlet whitish when mature, 2.2-2.7 mm wide, scrobiculate to smooth. (17) | S. scrobiculata |
23 (22) + | Nutlet at first whitish but brownish purple when mature, 1.7-2 mm wide, cancellate. (18) | S. purpurascens |
多年生或一年生草本,具根状茎或无。秆直立,三棱形,少数为圆柱状,具秆生叶或同时具基生叶。叶线形,多少粗糙,常具3条较粗的脉,具鞘,在秆中部的叶鞘具翅或无翅,鞘口与叶片相对的一侧多为舌状(这里称为叶舌)。圆锥花序顶生,复出,通常粗壮、延长,有时为纤细而间断的穗状;苞片叶状,具鞘;小苞片通常刚毛状,很少为鳞片状;花全为单性;花序通常为单性小穗占多数,少有两性小穗占多数;小穗最下面的2—4片鳞片内无花;雄小穗通常具数朵雄花;雌小穗仅具1朵雌花;两性小穗则在下面1朵为雌花,以上数朵为雄花;雄花具雄蕊3—1个,花药线形或线状长圆形,药隔常突出成钻状;花柱基部不扩大,柱头3。小坚果球形或卵形,常呈三棱形,骨质,表面具种种网纹或平滑,被毛或无毛,多数有光泽,通常具或多或少3裂的下位盘。全属约有150种以上,分布于全世界热带和温带地区;我国有18种,产东南、华南、西南诸省。云南省有12种。
26.珍珠茅属——Scleria Berg.
Berg. in K. Veten. Acad. Handl. XXVI (1765) 142; Kunth, Enum. II (1837) 339; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1894) 685; Ohwi, Cyper. Jap.II (1944) 4; 侯宽昭等, 广州植物志 (1956) 764.
多年生或一年生草本,具根状茎或无。稈直立,三稜形,少数为圆柱状,具稈生叶或同时具基生叶。叶线形,多少粗糙,常具3条较粗的脉,具鞘,在稈中部的叶鞘具翅或无翅,大多具叶舌。圆锥花序顶生,复出,通常粗壮、延长、有时退化为间断的穗状;苞片叶状,具鞘;小苞片通常刚毛状,很少为鳞片状;花全为单性;花序通常为单性小穗占多数,少有两性小穗占多数;小穗最下面的2-4片鳞片内无花;雄小穗通常具数朵雄花;雌小穗仅具1朵雌花;两性小穗则在下面1朵为雌花,以上数朵为雄花;雄蕊3-1个,花药线形或线状长圆形,药隔常突出成钻状;花柱基部不扩大,柱头3。小坚果球形或卵形,常呈钝三稜形,骨质,表面具种种网纹或平滑,被毛或无毛,多数有光泽,通常具3裂或全缘的下位盘。
全世界约有150种以上,分布于温带或热带。我国现有16种,产东南、西南诸省。
Sample Name: | Hordle Cliff Leaf Bed | Formation: | Headon Beds |
Age: | Epoch (to): | Eocene~ | |
Stage: | Priabonian~ | Contributer: | |
Ecology: | Climate: | ||
locality name: | Hordle Cliff | Province/State: | |
Continents: | county: | Hampshire | |
country: | United Kingdom | longitude-decimal degrees: | -1.6 |
latitude-decimal degrees: | 50.75 | elevation [m]: | |
Notes: |
Hordle Cliff-Hastings, 1853 | |||
title: | On the Tertiary Beds of Hordwell, Hampshire | ||
Year: | 1853 | Type: | journal |
Volume: | 6 | Issue: | 36 |
Pages: | 1-11 | Publisher: | |
Location of publisher: | General: | ||
Authors: | M. Hastings. |
Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
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Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
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Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
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Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
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Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
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0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
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新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
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第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
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上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
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0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
Sample Name: | Villafranca | Formation: | |
Age: | Epoch (to): | Pliocene~ | |
Stage: | Piacenzian~ | Contributer: | |
Ecology: | Climate: | ||
|
locality name: | Villafranca | Province/State: | Piemonte |
Continents: | county: | ||
country: | Italy | longitude-decimal degrees: | 8.033333 |
latitude-decimal degrees: | 44.916667 | elevation [m]: | |
Notes: |
Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
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Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
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Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
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Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
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Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
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0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
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新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
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第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
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上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
||||||||||||||||||
0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |