| 学名(拉丁名) | Saxifragaceae |
| 中文名 | 虎耳草科 |
| 类型 | family |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Saxifragaceae |
| 中文名 | 虎耳草科 |
| 中文科名 | 虎耳草科 |
| 类型 | family |
| 拉丁科名 | Saxifragaceae |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Saxifragaceae |
| 类型 | family |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Saxifragaceae |
| 中文名 | 虎耳草科 |
| 类型 | family |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Saxifragaceae |
| 中文名 | 虎耳草科 |
| 类型 | family |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Saxifragaceae |
| 类型 | family |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Saxifragaceae |
| 类型 | family |
| 1 | 草本；叶膜质；花瓣5，稀6-8或不存在；雄蕊10，稀12-16，2轮；心皮5，稀6-8，下部合生，上部分离；胚珠具厚珠心，珠被2层；导管具梯状穿孔板。 | 扯根菜亚科 PENTHOROIDEAE |
| 1 | 草本或木本；叶通常非膜质；花瓣4-5，稀6-10或3-1至不存在；雄蕊4-14，或多数，1至数轮；心皮2-5，稀6-10，分离或合生；胚珠具厚珠心或薄珠心至过渡型珠心，珠被1或2层。 (2) | |
| 2 | 草本，叶通常互生。 (3) | |
| 2 | 木本或草本，叶通常对生或互生，稀近轮生或从生。 (4) | |
| 3 | 花通常组成聚伞花序、总状花序或圆锥花序，有时单生；萼片5，稀4-6（-7）；花瓣与萼片同数，稀退化减数成3-1，或不存在；雄蕊4-14，无退化雄蕊；子房1-5室；胚珠具厚珠心。 | 虎耳草亚科 SAXIFRAGOIDEAE |
| 3 | 花单生于茎顶；萼片、花瓣和雄蕊均为5；退化雄蕊5，宽展呈片状，上部常分裂，与花瓣对生；子房1室；胚珠具薄珠心。 | 梅花草亚科 PARNASSIOIDEAE |
| 4 | 萼片和花瓣均为4或5，稀达10；雄蕊为萼片之2倍，有时为其多倍。 | 绣球花亚科 HYDRANGEOIDEAE |
| 4 | 萼片、花瓣与雄蕊同数，均为5或4，稀更多。 (5) | |
| 5 | 心皮2-3，稀4-5；胚珠具薄珠心或过渡型珠心，通常具1层珠被。 | 多香木亚科 ESCALLONIOIDEAE |
| 5 | 心皮2；胚珠具厚珠心，具2层珠被。 (6) | |
| 6 | 萼片5，非花瓣状；花瓣5，狭窄；子房2室；蒴果。 | 鼠刺亚科 ITEOIDEAE |
| 6 | 萼片5，稀4，通常呈花瓣状；花瓣5，稀4或不存在，常呈鳞片状；子房1室；浆果。 | 茶藨子亚科 RIBESIOIDEAE |
| 1 | Plants woody or herbs; leaves opposite or alternate, rarely subverticillate or cespitose. | (2) |
| 1 + | Plants herbs; leaves usually alternate. | (16) |
| 2 (1) | Stamens as many as sepals; leaves usually alternate, opposite or subopposite in Polyosma. | (3) |
| 2 (1) + | Stamens ca. 2 × as many as sepals, sometimes more; leaves usually opposite or verticillate, alternate or fascicled in Cardiandra (Hydrangeoideae). | (5) |
| 3 (2) | Leaves opposite or subopposite; fruit a 1-seeded berry (Escallonioideae) (27) | Polyosma |
| 3 (2) + | Leaves alternate; fruit a capsule or many-seeded berry. | (4) |
| 4 (3) | Leaves never lobed; stipules present, linear; sepals not petal-like; petals narrow; ovary 2-loculed; fruit a capsule (Iteoideae) (28) | Itea |
| 4 (3) + | Leaves often palmately lobed; stipules absent, spines or prickles sometimes present; sepals usually petal-like; petals usually scalelike; ovary 1-loculed; fruit a berry (Ribesioideae) (29) | Ribes |
| 5 (2) | Herbs; leaf blade palmately lobed; stamens 3 × as many as petals (16) | Kirengeshoma |
| 5 (2) + | Shrubs, scandent shrubs, or herbs; leaf blade not palmately lobed; stamens numerous or 2 × as many as petals. | (6) |
| 6 (5) | Filaments subulate, flat, apex 2-dentate or 2-lobed; shrubs; calyx lobes never enlarged and petaloid. | (7) |
| 6 (5) + | Filaments linear, neither subulate nor flat; herbs or shrubs; calyx lobes sometimes enlarged and petaloid. | (8) |
| 7 (6) | Leaves often stellate hairy; petals 5; stamens 10(-15); capsule 3-5-valved, loculicidally dehiscent (17) | Deutzia |
| 7 (6) + | Leaves not stellate hairy; petals 4; stamens 20-40; capsule 4-valved, loculicidally or septicidally dehiscent (18) | Philadelphus |
| 8 (6) | Inflorescences with all flowers fertile; calyx lobes never petaloid. | (9) |
| 8 (6) + | Inflorescences with both fertile and sterile flowers (except Schizophragma crassum); calyx lobes ± petaloid. | (12) |
| 9 (8) | Styles 2-6. | (10) |
| 9 (8) + | Style 1. | (11) |
| 10 (9) | Fruit a fleshy berry (21) | Dichroa |
| 10 (9) + | Fruit a capsule (26) | Hydrangea |
| 11 (9) | Sepals and petals 7-10, apex free; stamens 20-30; stigma discoid (19) | Decumaria |
| 11 (9) + | Sepals and petals 4 or 5, apex connate and forming a calyptra; stamens 8-10; stigma conical (20) | Pileostegia |
| 12 (8) | Leaves alternate; anthers obcordate, apex truncate, connective dilated (22) | Cardiandra |
| 12 (8) + | Leaves opposite or verticillate; anthers oblong, ellipsoid, or subglobose, apex obtuse to subrounded, connective not dilated. | (13) |
| 13 (12) | Style 1; sterile flowers (if present) with 1(-3 in Schizophragma integrifolium) enlarged calyx lobe (24) | Schizophragma |
| 13 (12) + | Styles 2 or more; sterile flowers (if present) with more than 1 enlarged calyx lobe. | (14) |
| 14 (13) | Sterile flowers with connate, enlarged, petaloid calyx lobes (23) | Platycrater |
| 14 (13) + | Sterile flowers with free, enlarged, petaloid calyx lobes, or sterile flowers absent. | (15) |
| 15 (14) | Herbs perennial or subshrubs, with horizontal rhizomes; stem simple; petals imbricate in bud; styles 5, connate into a column (25) | Deinanthe |
| 15 (14) + | Shrubs or subshrubs, sometimes scandent, rarely small trees; stems often branched; petals valvate in bud; styles 2-5, free or connate only at base (26) | Hydrangea |
| 16 (1) | Flower solitary; stamens 5, staminodes 5, conspicuous, spreading into a lamina, usually distally lobed, inserted opposite petals; ovary 1-loculed (Parnassioideae) (15) | Parnassia |
| 16 (1) + | Flowers usually in cymes, racemes, or panicles, sometimes solitary; stamens 4-14, staminodes absent; ovary 1-5-loculed. | (17) |
| 17 (16) | Leaves membranous; inflorescence a helicoid cyme; stamens (6-)10; ovary 5-loculed (Penthoroideae) (1) | Penthorum |
| 17 (16) + | Leaves usually not membranous; inflorescence often not helicoid; stamens 4-14; ovary usually less than 5-loculed, rarely more (Saxifragoideae). | (18) |
| 18 (17) | Leaves usually compound, rarely simple; sepals 4 or 5, sometimes 1-3 or absent; carpels 2 or 3(or 4); ovary 2- or 3(or 4)-loculed with axile placentation or 1-loculed with marginal placentation. | (19) |
| 18 (17) + | Leaves simple; petals 5(or 6) or absent; carpels 2(-5); ovary 2(-5)-loculed with axile placentation, or 1-loculed with marginal or parietal placentation, sometimes proximally with 2 terminal, parietal placentas and distally with marginal placentation. | (21) |
| 19 (18) | Leaves simple, leaf blade peltate, margin palmatilobed; petals 4 or 5; stamens (6-)8; carpels 2(-4), ovary 2(-4)-loculed (2) | Astilboides |
| 19 (18) + | Leaves usually compound (or, if simple, leaf blade not peltate), usually 3-5-lobed; petals 1-5 or absent; stamens (5-)8-10(-14); carpels 2 or 3, ovary 1-3-loculed. | (20) |
| 20 (19) | Leaves palmately, pinnately, or subpinnately compound; bract absent; sepals (4 or)5(-7); petals usually absent; stamens 10(-14); ovary 2- or 3-loculed with axile placentation (3) | Rodgersia |
| 20 (19) + | Leaves ternately compound, rarely simple; bracts conspicuous; sepals (4 or)5; petals 1-5, sometimes more or absent; stamens (5-)8-10; ovary 2(or 3)-loculed with axile placentation or 1-loculed with marginal placentation (4) | Astilbe |
| 21 (18) | Leaves all basal; bracts absent; sepals 5-7 or absent; stamens 5 or 6 or 10-14. | (22) |
| 21 (18) + | Leaves all basal or both basal and cauline; bracts conspicuous; sepals 4 or 5(-7); petals 5 or absent; stamens 4-10. | (23) |
| 22 (21) | Leaf blade ovate to cordate, glandular hairy abaxially, glabrous adaxially, margin irregularly dentate; sepals 5-7, unequal, many veined; petals absent; stamens 10-14 (5) | Oresitrophe |
| 22 (21) + | Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, glabrous on both surfaces, margin palmately 5-7(-9)-cleft, lobes serrate; sepals 5 or 6, subequal, 1-veined; petals 5 or 6(or 7), white; stamens 5 or 6(or 7) (6) | Mukdenia |
| 23 (21) | Carpels 2 or 3, ovary 2- or 3-loculed (7) | Saniculiphyllum |
| 23 (21) + | Carpels 2, ovary 1- or 2-loculed, or proximally 2-loculed and distally 1-loculed. | (24) |
| 24 (23) | Sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 10; ovary 2-loculed with axile placentation or 1-loculed with marginal placentation. | (25) |
| 24 (23) + | Sepals 4 or 5(-7); petals 5 or absent; stamens 4-10; ovary usually 1-loculed with 2 parietal placentas, or proximally 2-loculed with axile placentation and distally 1-loculed with marginal placentation. | (27) |
| 25 (24) | Herbs perennial, rarely annual or biennial; inflorescence a cyme or flower solitary; flowers usually actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic; receptacle cyathiform or saucer-shaped; fruit a capsule, rarely a follicle (10) | Saxifraga |
| 25 (24) + | Herbs perennial; inflorescence a cyme; flowers actinomorphic; receptacle cyathiform; fruit a capsule. | (26) |
| 26 (25) | Leaves all basal, petiole short, broad, sheathing at base, leaf blade not peltate, margin entire or dentate; hypanthium scarcely adnate to ovary; petals white, red, or purple, margin entire; ovary subsuperior, proximally 2-loculed with axile placentation and distally 1-loculed with marginal placentation; seeds angular (8) | Bergenia |
| 26 (25) + | Leaves both basal and cauline, stipules membranous, leaf blade peltate, margin palmatilobed; hypanthium proximally adnate to ovary; petals yellowish, margin usually sparsely denticulate; ovary semi-inferior, 2-loculed with axile placentation; seeds tuberculate (9) | Peltoboykinia |
| 27 (24) | Stipules conspicuous; sepals 5; petals 5, sometimes absent; stamens 5 or 10. | (28) |
| 27 (24) + | Stipules absent; sepals 4 or 5(-7); petals absent; stamens 4-10. | (29) |
| 28 (27) | Leaves simple or trifoliolate; inflorescence terminal or axillary, racemose or paniculate; petals entire; stamens 10; fruit with 2 distinctly unequal carpels (11) | Tiarella |
| 28 (27) + | Leaves simple; inflorescence terminal, racemose; petals usually pinnatifid, rarely entire; stamens 5 or 10; fruit with 2 subequal carpels (12) | Mitella |
| 29 (27) | Cauline leaves alternate or opposite; inflorescence usually cymose; sepals 4(or 5); stamens 4-8(-10); ovary subsuperior or semi-inferior to subinferior (14) | Chrysosplenium |
| 29 (27) + | Cauline leaves absent; inflorescence paniculate or racemose; sepals (4 or)5(-7); stamens 8-10; ovary subsuperior (13) | Tanakaea |
多年生草本，稀一或二年生。叶互生或稀对生，单叶或复叶，通常无托叶。花序聚伞状、总状、伞房状或圆锥状，稀单生。花两性，稀单性，辐射对称，稀两侧对称；花被2层，稀1层，通常无花托管；花萼4-5裂，萼管全部或仅基部与子房合生，覆瓦状或镊合状排列；花瓣4-5，或无花瓣，覆瓦状或镊合状排列；雄蕊通常与花瓣同数或为其倍数，稀更多或较少，花丝分离，花药2室，直裂，有时有退化雄蕊；心皮2-5，全部或一部分合生，子房上位至下位，1-5室，稀较多，每室具多数胚珠，中轴胎座或侧膜胎座。果为蒴果。约30属，580种，主产北温带。我国有13属，约300种，全国各地均有分布，但以西南部较集中；云南有9属，149种，32变种，主产西北部。大部分种类供观赏，少数种类入药。
虎耳草科——SAXIFRAGACEAE
草本（通常为多年生），灌木，小乔木或藤本。单叶或复叶，互生或对生，一般无托叶。通常为聚伞状、圆锥状或总状花序，稀单花；花两性，稀单性，下位或多少上位，稀周位，一般为双被，稀单被；花被片4-5基数，稀6-10基数，覆瓦状、镊合状或旋转状排列；萼片有时花瓣状；花冠辐射对称，稀两侧对称，花瓣一般离生；雄蕊(4-)5-10，或多数，一般外轮对瓣，或为单轮，如与花瓣同数，则与之互生，花丝离生，花药2室，有时具退化雄蕊；心皮2，稀3-5(-10)，通常多少合生；子房上位、半下位至下位，多室而具中轴胎座，或1室且具侧膜胎座，稀具顶生胎座，胚珠具厚珠心或薄珠心，有时为过渡型，通常多数，2列至多列，稀1粒，具1-2层珠被，孢原通常为单细胞；花柱离生或多少合生。蒴果，浆果，小蓇葖果或核果；种子具丰富胚乳，稀无胚乳；胚乳为细胞型，稀核型；胚小。导管在木本植物中，通常具梯状穿孔板；而在草本植物中则通常具单穿孔板。染色体 x=6-18，21。
科的模式属：虎耳草属 Saxifraga L.
本科约含17亚科，80属，1200余种，分布极广，几遍全球，主产温带。我国有7亚科，28属，约500种，南北均产，主产西南，其中独根草属 Oresitrophe Bunge 为我国特有。
本科中，经济植物颇多。例如：常山、土常山、溲疏、落新妇、虎耳草等，为沿用已久的中药材；岩白菜、华金腰、裸茎金腰、大叶金腰、白须草、突隔梅花草、黄水枝、山麻子、白背钻地风等，为民间常用的中草药。七叶鬼灯檠、羽叶鬼灯檠、大叶子等，其叶和根状茎含鞣质，可提制栲胶；根状茎含淀粉，可供酿酒制醋。西南山梅花、西洋山梅花等，其花含芳香油，可制浸膏，用于调合香精。粉团花、八仙花、太平花、西南绣球、草绣球、黄山梅、大刺茶藨、冠盖藤等，可美化环境，供人观赏；大叶鼠刺可供制绳索、麻袋或造纸。
| Sample Name: | Fossano | Formation: | |
| Age: | Epoch (to): | Pliocene~ | |
| Stage: | ~ | Contributer: | |
| Ecology: | Climate: | ||
|
|
|||
| locality name: | Fossano | Province/State: | |
| Continents: | county: | ||
| country: | Italy | longitude-decimal degrees: | 0 |
| latitude-decimal degrees: | 0 | elevation [m]: | |
| Notes: | |||
| Fossano-Martinetto, 2005 | |||
| title: | |||
| Year: | 2005 | Type: | |
| Volume: | Issue: | ||
| Pages: | Publisher: | ||
| Location of publisher: | General: | ||
| Authors: | Martinetto | ||
Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
| Sample Name: | Osaka Group Plio. | Formation: | |
| Age: | Epoch (to): | Pliocene~ | |
| Stage: | ~ | Contributer: | |
| Ecology: | Climate: | ||
|
|
|||
| locality name: | Harima | Province/State: | Kyoto |
| Continents: | Asia | county: | Osaka |
| country: | Japan | longitude-decimal degrees: | 135.5 |
| latitude-decimal degrees: | 34.73 | elevation [m]: | 20 |
| Notes: | |||
| Osaka-Momohara, 1992 | |||
| title: | Late Pliocene Plant Biostratigraphy of the Lowermost Part of the Osaka Group, Southwest Japan, with Reference to Extinction of Plants | ||
| Year: | 1992 | Type: | journal |
| Volume: | 31 | Issue: | 2 |
| Pages: | 77-89 | Publisher: | |
| Location of publisher: | General: | ||
| Authors: | Arata Momohara | ||
Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
KUN官网
