学名(拉丁名) | Melia azedarach |
中文名 | 楝 |
命名人 | L. |
中文科名 | 楝科 |
拉丁属名 | Melia |
类型 | species |
拉丁科名 | Meliaceae |
中文属名 | 楝属 |
学名(拉丁名) | Melia azedarach |
中文名 | 楝 |
中文科名 | 楝科 |
拉丁属名 | Melia |
类型 | species |
拉丁科名 | Meliaceae |
中文属名 | 楝属 |
学名(拉丁名) | Melia azedarach |
中文名 | 楝 |
中文科名 | 楝科 |
类型 | |
拉丁科名 | MELIACEAE |
学名(拉丁名) | Melia azedarach |
中文名 | 楝 |
中文科名 | 楝科 |
类型 | |
拉丁科名 | MELIACEAE |
学名(拉丁名) | Melia azedarach |
命名人 | L. (accepted name) |
拉丁属名 | Melia |
类型 | species |
拉丁科名 | Meliaceae |
学名(拉丁名) | Melia azedarach |
命名人 | L. |
发表年份 | 1753(年) |
拉丁属名 | Melia |
类型 | species |
拉丁科名 | Meliaceae |
学名(拉丁名) | Melia azedarach |
中文名 | 楝 |
拉丁属名 | Melia |
类型 | species |
拉丁科名 | Meliaceae |
学名(拉丁名) | Melia azedarach |
中文名 | 楝 |
中文科名 | 楝科 |
拉丁属名 | Melia |
类型 | species |
拉丁科名 | Meliaceae |
中文属名 | 楝属 |
学名(拉丁名) | Melia azedarach |
发表年份 | 1753(年) |
拉丁属名 | Melia |
类型 | species |
拉丁科名 | Meliaceae |
学名(拉丁名) | Melia azedarach |
拉丁属名 | Melia |
类型 | species |
拉丁科名 | Meliaceae |
学名 | 状态 | 来源 | 命名人 |
---|---|---|---|
Azedara speciosa | Synonym | The Plant List | Raf. |
Azedarach commelinii | Synonym | The Plant List | Medik. |
Azedarach deleteria | Synonym | The Plant List | Medik. |
Azedarach fraxinifolia | Synonym | The Plant List | Moench |
Azedarach odoratum | Synonym | The Plant List | Noronha |
Azedarach sempervirens | Synonym | The Plant List | Kuntze |
Azedarach sempervirens var. glabrior | Synonym | The Plant List | (C.DC.) Kuntze |
Azedarach sempervirens f. incisodentata | Synonym | The Plant List | Kuntze |
Azedarach sempervirens f. longifoliola | Synonym | The Plant List | Kuntze |
Azedarach sempervirens f. subdentata | Synonym | The Plant List | Kuntze |
Melia angustifolia | Synonym | The Plant List | Schumach. & Thonn. |
Melia australis | Synonym | The Plant List | Sweet |
Melia azedarach var. glabrior | Synonym | The Plant List | C.DC. |
Melia azedarach var. intermedia | Synonym | The Plant List | (Makino) Makino |
Melia azedarach var. subtripinnata | Synonym | The Plant List | Miq. |
Melia azedarach var. toosendan | Synonym | The Plant List | (Siebold & Zucc.) Makino |
Melia birmanica | Synonym | The Plant List | Kurz |
Melia bukayun | Synonym | The Plant List | Royle |
Melia chinensis | Unresolved | The Plant List | Siebold ex Miq. |
Melia cochinchinensis | Synonym | The Plant List | M.Roem. |
Melia japonica | Synonym | The Plant List | G.Don |
Melia japonica var. semperflorens | Synonym | The Plant List | Makino |
Melia orientalis | Synonym | The Plant List | M.Roem. |
Melia sambucina | Synonym | The Plant List | Blume |
Melia sempervirens | Synonym | The Plant List | Sw. |
Melia toosendan | Synonym | The Plant List | Siebold & Zucc. |
Melia commelini | Synonym | The Plant List | Medik. ex Steud. |
Melia composita | Synonym | The Plant List | Benth. |
Melia dubia | Synonym | The Plant List | Cav. |
Melia florida | Synonym | The Plant List | Salisb. |
Melia guineensis | Unresolved | The Plant List | G.Don |
乔木,高达25米;树皮灰褐色,纵裂,皮孔显著;枝条广展,疏被短柔毛,后渐无毛,叶痕明显。2—3回羽状复对,长20—30(—40)厘米,总轴被微柔毛或无毛;小叶多数,对生,膜质至纸质,卵形、椭圆形至披针形,两面无毛,先端渐尖,基部多少偏斜,边缘有锯齿、浅钝齿或具缺刻,稀全缘,侧脉12—16对,广展,向上斜举;侧生小叶较小,长3—4.5(—7)厘米,宽0.5—1.5(—3)厘米,柄长0.1—0.5(—1)厘米;顶生小叶长3.5—6(—9)厘米,柄长0—1厘米。圆锥花序长15—25,常与叶近等长,无毛或略被淡褐色粉状星毛;花淡紫白、白色、有香味;萼片卵形或长椭圆状卵形,被柔毛;花瓣倒卵状匙形,长约0.8—1厘米,外面被微柔毛,内面无毛;雄蕊管紫色,无毛或近无毛,长7—8毫米,边缘有锥尖、3裂的狭裂片10枚,花药长椭圆形,稍凸尖;子房近球形,5—6室,无毛,每室有胚珠2颗;核果黄绿色,球形至椭圆形,长1—3厘米,宽1.5厘米,核4—5室,每室有种子1颗;种子椭圆形。花期4—5月(中部及南部)—9月(南部),果11—12月成熟。
产全省,海拔130—1900米的林内、林缘、路边、村旁。我国河北省南部、陕西南部、甘肃东南部及以南各省常见。国外分布于印度,缅甸,老挝,泰国,越南,马来半岛。各温带地区常有栽培。
Melia azedarach subvar. intermedia Makino; M. azedarach var. intermedia (Makino) Makino; M. azedarach var. subtripinnata Miquel; M. azedarach var. toosendan (Siebold & Zuccarini) Makino; M. japonica G. Don var. semperflorens Makino; M. toosendan Siebold & Zuccarini.
Trees to 10 m tall, deciduous. Bark brownish gray, longitudinally exfoliating. Branches spreading; branchlets with leaf scars. Leaves odd-pinnate, 2-pinnate or 3-pinnate, 20-40 cm; leaflets opposite; leaflet blades ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, 3-7 × 2-3 cm but terminal one usually slightly larger, both surfaces with stellate trichomes when young but glabrescent, secondary veins 12-16 on each side of midvein, outspread and ascending, base ± oblique and cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin crenate or sometimes entire, apex shortly acuminate. Thyrses ± ca. 1/2 as long as leaves, glabrous or covered with short lepidote pubescence. Flowers fragrant. Calyx 5-parted; sepals ovate to oblong-ovate, outside puberulent, apex acute. Petals lilac-colored, obovate-spatulate, 0.9-1.3 cm, both surfaces puberulent but usually outside more densely so. Staminal tube purple, 7-8 mm, with longitudinal stripes, glabrous or subglabrous, apical margin with 10 narrow lobes; lobes conic, further 2- or 3-lobed; anthers 10, inserted on inner side of lobes and alternate to lobes, narrowly elliptic, apex slightly mucronulate. Ovary spherical, glabrous, 5-8-locular, with 2 ovules per locule; style acerose; stigma capitate, not included within filament tube, apex 5-dentate. Drupe globose to ellipsoid, 1-3 × 0.8-1.5 cm; endocarp ligneous. Seed ellipsoid. Fl. Mar-May, fr. Oct-Dec.
Mixed evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous forests, sparse forests, field margins, roadsides; 500-2100 m. Anhui, Fujian, S Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, S Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Shandong, S Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, SE Xizang, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; tropical Australia, Pacific islands (Solomon Islands)].
This species is cultivated and sometimes naturalized in many warm-temperate and tropical parts of the world. Because of its extensive cultivation and tendency to become naturalized in disturbed habitats, its original wild distribution is uncertain.
It is used medicinally, for industrial oil material, and for timber.
1.楝(本草径)苦楝(通称),楝树、紫花树(江苏),森树(广东)图版22:6-7
Melia azedarach Linn. Sp. Pl. 384. 1753. DC. Prod, 1: 621. 1824; Hiern in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 544. 1875; C. DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 451. 1878; Forbes et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 113. 1886; Diels in Bot. Jahrb. 29: 426. 1900; Hayata, Ic. Pl. Formos. 1: 126: 1911; Dunn et Tutch. in Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. Add. ser. 10: 58. 1912; Rehd. et Wils. in Sarg. Pl. Wilson. 2: 157. 1914; Rehd. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 8: 152. 1927; Merr. In Lingn. Sci. Journ 5: 103. 1927; Hand. -Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7: 632. 1933; 侯宽昭、陈德昭, 植物分类学报4: 8. 1955; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学598, 图497. 1957;中国高等植物图鉴2: 566 图2864. 1972;海南植物志3: 61, 图566. 1974; 云南植物志1: 220, 图版52; 8-10. 1977;江苏植物志, 下406, 图1398. 1982;云南种子植物名录, 上册831. 1984;广东植物志2: 285, 1991,——M. azedarach Linn. var. subtripinnata Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. -Bat. 3: 24. 1867, Prol. Fl. Jap. 212. 1867.——M. japonica var. semperflorens Makino in Toky- o Bot. Mag. 18: 67. 1904——M. dubia auct. non Cav.: 侯宽昭, 陈德昭, 植物分类学报4. 11. 1955.
落叶乔木,高达10余米;树皮灰褐色,纵裂。分枝广展,小枝有叶痕。叶为2-3回奇数羽状复叶,长20-40厘米;小叶对生,卵形、椭圆形至披针形,顶生一片通常略大,长3-7厘米,宽2-3厘米,先端短渐尖,基部楔形或宽楔形,多少偏斜,边缘有钝锯齿,幼时被星状毛,后两面均无毛,侧脉每边12-16条,广展,向上斜举。圆锥花序约与叶等长,无毛或幼时被鳞片状短柔毛;花芳香;花萼5深裂,裂片卵形或长圆状卵形,先端急尖,外面被微柔毛;花瓣淡紫色,倒卵状匙形,长约1厘米,两面均被微柔毛,通常外面较密;雄蕊管紫色,无毛或近无毛,长7-8毫米,有纵细脉,管口有钻形、2-3齿裂的狭裂片10枚,花药10枚,着生于裂片内侧,且与裂片互生,长椭圆形,顶端微凸尖;子房近球形,5-6室,无毛,每室有胚珠2颗,花柱细长,柱头头状,顶端具5齿,不伸出雄蕊管。核果球形至椭圆形,长1-2厘米,宽8-15毫米,内果皮木质,4-5室,每室有种子1颗;种子椭圆形。花期4-5月,果期10-12月。
产我国黄河以南各省区,较常见;生于低海拔旷野、路旁或疏林中,目前已广泛引为栽培。广布于亚洲热带和亚热带地区,温带地区也有栽培。模式标本采自喜马拉雅山区。
本植物在湿润的沃土上生长迅速,对土壤要求不严,在酸性土、中性土与石灰岩地区均能生长,是平原及低海拔丘陵区的良好造林树种,在村边路旁种植更为适宜。边材黄白色,心材黄色至红褐色,纹理粗而美,质轻软,有光泽,施工易,是家具、建筑、农具、舟车、乐器等良好用材;用鲜叶可灭钉螺和作农药,用根皮可驱蛔虫和钩虫,但有毒,用时要严遵医嘱,根皮粉调醋可治疥癣,用苦楝子做成油膏可治头癣;果核仁油可供制油漆、润滑油和肥皂。
据侯宽昭、陈德昭在《植物分类学报》第4卷介绍,在广东、广西、云南等省区还有岭南楝树(Melia dubia Cav.)的分布,其主要区别特征是花瓣两面被柔毛,核果椭圆形,但这二个特征基本与本种一致,因此笔者认为此为错误鉴定。
Melia azedarach | |||
Family Name: | Meliaceae | Genera name: | Melia |
Species name: | azedarach | Genera status: | |
NLR: | Comments: | ||
Sample Name: | Osaka Group Plio. | Formation: | |
Age: | Epoch (to): | Pliocene~ | |
Stage: | ~ | Contributer: | |
Ecology: | Climate: | ||
|
locality name: | Harima | Province/State: | Kyoto |
Continents: | Asia | county: | Osaka |
country: | Japan | longitude-decimal degrees: | 135.5 |
latitude-decimal degrees: | 34.73 | elevation [m]: | 20 |
Notes: |
Osaka-Momohara, 1992 | |||
title: | Late Pliocene Plant Biostratigraphy of the Lowermost Part of the Osaka Group, Southwest Japan, with Reference to Extinction of Plants | ||
Year: | 1992 | Type: | journal |
Volume: | 31 | Issue: | 2 |
Pages: | 77-89 | Publisher: | |
Location of publisher: | General: | ||
Authors: | Arata Momohara |
Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
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Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
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Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
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Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
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Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
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0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
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新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
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第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
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全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
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上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
||||||||||||||||||
0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |