| 学名(拉丁名) | Castanopsis sclerophylla |
| 中文名 | 苦槠 |
| 命名人 | (Lindl.) Schott. |
| 中文科名 | 壳斗科 |
| 拉丁属名 | Castanopsis |
| 类型 | species |
| 拉丁科名 | Fagaceae |
| 中文属名 | 锥属 |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Castanopsis sclerophylla |
| 命名人 | (Lindl. & Paxton) Schottky (accepted name) |
| 拉丁属名 | Castanopsis |
| 类型 | species |
| 拉丁科名 | Fagaceae |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Castanopsis sclerophylla |
| 命名人 | (Lindl. & Paxton) Schottky |
| 发表年份 | 1912(年) |
| 拉丁属名 | Castanopsis |
| 类型 | species |
| 拉丁科名 | Fagaceae |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Castanopsis sclerophylla |
| 中文名 | 苦槠栲 |
| 拉丁属名 | Castanopsis |
| 类型 | species |
| 拉丁科名 | Fagaceae |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Castanopsis sclerophylla |
| 中文名 | 苦槠 |
| 中文科名 | 壳斗科 |
| 拉丁属名 | Castanopsis |
| 类型 | species |
| 拉丁科名 | Fagaceae |
| 中文属名 | 锥栗属 |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Castanopsis sclerophylla |
| 发表年份 | 1912(年) |
| 拉丁属名 | Castanopsis |
| 类型 | species |
| 拉丁科名 | Fagaceae |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Castanopsis sclerophylla |
| 拉丁属名 | Castanopsis |
| 类型 | species |
| 拉丁科名 | Fagaceae |
| 学名 | 状态 | 来源 | 命名人 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Castanopsis chinensis | Synonym | The Plant List | (Abel) Schottky |
| Lithocarpus chinensis | Synonym | The Plant List | (Abel) A.Camus |
| Quercus chinensis | Synonym | The Plant List | Abel |
| Quercus cuspidata var. sinensis | Synonym | The Plant List | A.DC. |
| Quercus sclerophylla | Synonym | The Plant List | Lindl. & Paxton |
| Synaedrys sclerophylla | Synonym | The Plant List | (Lindl. & Paxton) Koidz. |
Quercus sclerophylla Lindley & Paxton, Paxt. Fl. Gard. 1: 59. 1850; Lithocarpus chinensis (Abel) A. Camus; Q. chinensis Abel (1818), not Castanopsis chinensis Hance (1868); Q. cuspidata Thunberg var. sinensis A. de Candolle; Synaedrys sclerophylla (Lindley & Paxton) Koidzumi.
Trees; branches and leaf blades glabrous. Young shoots reddish brown, slightly angulate. Petiole 1.5-2.5 cm; leaf blade oblong, ovate-elliptic, or obovate-elliptic, 7-15 cm, leathery, adaxially silver-gray with age, base rounded to broadly cuneate and usually inaequilateral, margin from middle to apex serrulate or rarely entire, apex acuminate, cuspidate, or shortly caudate; midvein slightly impressed from base to middle and slightly raised from middle to apex; secondary veins 10-15 on each side of midvein, prominent to very slender, evident. Rachis of inflorescences glabrous. Female inflorescence ca. 15 cm. Infructescences 8-15 cm. Cupule globose to subglobose, 1.2-1.5 cm in diam., completely or almost completely enclosing nut, irregularly valved, outside yellowish brown puberulent, wall to 1 mm thick; bracts scalelike, 3- or 4-angled, sometimes only base connate, in annular umbones. Nut 1(-3) per cupule, subglobose, 1-1.4 cm in diam., tomentulose, apex mucronulate; scar basal, 7-9 mm in diam. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Oct-Nov.
* Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 200-1000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, NE Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, E Sichuan, Zhejiang
The nuts are used for food.
Castanopsis × kuchugouzhui C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang (Guihaia 16: 301. 1996) is a hybrid between C. sclerophylla and C. tibetana with a population on Yuelu Shan in Changsha Shi, Hunan. The bracts apically and along the sides of the cupule are 5-8 mm and spinelike, like those of C. tibetana, but among them, as well as the basal bracts, are small, triangular to multiangular, and lamellate bracts like those of C. sclerophylla.
6. 苦槠 结节锥栗（浙江），槠栗（湖北），苦槠锥（福建），血槠（本草纲目），苦槠子（本草拾遗） 图版4: 8-9
Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindl.) Schott. in Bot. Jahrb. 47: 638. 1912, in obs.; Rehd. et Wils. in Sarg. Pl. Wils. 3: 201. 1916; Chun, Chin. Econ. Trees 87. 1922; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学 182. 图125. 1937; 中国高等植物图鉴 1: 412. 图823. 1972. ——Ouercus sclerophylla Lindl. in Lindl. et Paxton, Fl. G and. 1: 59, f. 37. 1850; Hance in Journ. Bot. 22: 242. 1874 et 23: 366. 1875 et 30: 294. 1882. ——Q. chinensis Abel, Narr. Journ. China 165, t. 363. 1818; Skan in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 509. 1899, non Bunge 1835. ——Lithocarpus chinensis (Abel) A. Camus, Chenes 3: 1149. 1954. ——Synaedrys sclerophylla (Lindl.) Koidz. in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 34: 187. 1916. ——Q. cuspidata Thunb. var. sinensis A. DC. Prodr. 16(2): 103. 1864.
乔木，高5-10米，稀达15米，胸径30-50厘米，树皮浅纵裂，片状剥落，小枝灰色，散生皮孔，当年生枝红褐色，略具棱，枝、叶均无毛。叶二列，叶片革质，长椭圆形，卵状椭圆形或兼有倒卵状椭圆形，长7-15厘米，宽3-6厘米，顶部渐尖或骤狭急尖，短尾状，基部近于圆或宽楔形，通常一侧略短且偏斜，叶缘在中部以上有锯齿状锐齿，很少兼有全缘叶，中脉在叶面至少下半段微凸起，上半段微凹陷，支脉明显或甚纤细，成长叶叶背淡银灰色；叶柄长1.5-2.5厘米。花序轴无毛，雄穗状花序通常单穗腋生，雄蕊12-10枚；雌花序长达15厘米。果序长8-15厘米，壳斗有坚果1个，偶有2-3，圆球形或半圆球形，全包或包着坚果的大部分，径12-15毫米，壳壁厚1毫米以内，不规则瓣状爆裂，小苞片鳞片状，大部分退化并横向连生成脊肋状圆环，或仅基部连生，呈环带状突起，外壁被黄棕色微柔毛；坚果近圆球形，径10-14毫米，顶部短尖，被短伏毛，果脐位于坚果的底部，宽7-9毫米，子叶平凸，有涩味。花期4-5月，果当年10-11月成熟。
产长江以南五岭以北各地，西南地区仅见于四川东部及贵州东北部。见于海拔200-1 000 米丘陵或山坡疏或密林中，常与杉、樟混生，村边、路旁时有栽培。喜阳光充足，耐旱。模式标本采自福建。
种仁（子叶）是制粉条和豆腐的原料，制成的豆腐称为苦槠豆腐。
环孔材，仅具细木射线，木材淡棕黄色，属白锥类，较密致，坚韧，富于弹性。
标本份数
| Castanopsis sclerophylla | |||
| Family Name: | Fagaceae | Genera name: | Castanopsis |
| Species name: | sclerophylla | Genera status: | |
| NLR: | Comments: | ||
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| Sample Name: | Tuantian | Formation: | Mangbang |
| Age: | Epoch (to): | Pliocene~ | |
| Stage: | ~ | Contributer: | |
| Ecology: | Climate: | ||
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| locality name: | Tuantian | Province/State: | Yunnan |
| Continents: | county: | Tengchong | |
| country: | China | longitude-decimal degrees: | 98.63 |
| latitude-decimal degrees: | 24.7 | elevation [m]: | |
| Notes: | 1349 | ||
Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
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Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
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Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
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Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
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Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
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| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
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新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
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第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
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全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
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上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
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| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
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