学名(拉丁名) | Castanopsis carlesii |
中文名 | 米槠 |
命名人 | (Hemsl.) Hay. |
中文科名 | 壳斗科 |
拉丁属名 | Castanopsis |
类型 | species |
拉丁科名 | Fagaceae |
中文属名 | 锥属 |
学名(拉丁名) | Castanopsis carlesii |
命名人 | (Hemsl.) Hayata (accepted name) |
拉丁属名 | Castanopsis |
类型 | species |
拉丁科名 | Fagaceae |
学名(拉丁名) | Castanopsis carlesii |
命名人 | (Hemsl.) Hayata |
发表年份 | 1917(年) |
拉丁属名 | Castanopsis |
类型 | species |
拉丁科名 | Fagaceae |
学名(拉丁名) | Castanopsis carlesii |
中文名 | 小红栲 |
拉丁属名 | Castanopsis |
类型 | species |
拉丁科名 | Fagaceae |
学名(拉丁名) | Castanopsis carlesii |
中文名 | 米槠 |
中文科名 | 壳斗科 |
拉丁属名 | Castanopsis |
类型 | species |
拉丁科名 | Fagaceae |
中文属名 | 锥栗属 |
学名(拉丁名) | Castanopsis carlesii |
发表年份 | 1917(年) |
拉丁属名 | Castanopsis |
类型 | species |
拉丁科名 | Fagaceae |
学名(拉丁名) | Castanopsis carlesii |
拉丁属名 | Castanopsis |
类型 | species |
拉丁科名 | Fagaceae |
学名 | 状态 | 来源 | 命名人 |
---|---|---|---|
Castanopsis carlesii var. carlesii | Synonym | The Plant List | |
Castanopsis carlesii var. sessilis | Synonym | The Plant List | Nakai |
Castanopsis carlesii var. spinulosa | Synonym | The Plant List | W.C.Cheng & C.S.Chao |
Castanopsis carlesii var. taiwanensis | Synonym | The Plant List | C.F.Shen |
Castanopsis cuspidata var. carlesii | Synonym | The Plant List | (Hemsl.) T.Yamaz. |
Castanopsis cuspidata f. carlesii | Synonym | The Plant List | (Hemsl.) J. C. Liao |
Castanopsis cuspidata var. longicaudata | Synonym | The Plant List | (Hayata) S.S.Ying |
Castanopsis longicaudata | Synonym | The Plant List | (Hayata) Nakai |
Castanopsis sessilis | Synonym | The Plant List | (Nakai) C.F.Shen |
Castanopsis stipitata | Synonym | The Plant List | (Hayata ex Koidz.) Nakai |
Lithocarpus longicaudata | Synonym | The Plant List | (Hayata) Hayata |
Lithocarpus longicaudatus | Synonym | The Plant List | (Hayata) Hayata |
Lithocarpus stipitatus | Synonym | The Plant List | (Hayata ex Koidz.) Koidz. |
Quercus carlesii | Synonym | The Plant List | Hemsl. |
Quercus longicaudata | Synonym | The Plant List | Hayata |
Quercus stipitata | Synonym | The Plant List | Hayata ex Koidz. |
Shiia carlesii | Synonym | The Plant List | (Hemsl.) Kudô |
Shiia longicaudata | Synonym | The Plant List | (Hayata) Kudô & Masam. |
Shiia stipitata | Synonym | The Plant List | (Hayata ex Koidz.) Kudô & Masam. |
Synaedrys carlesii | Synonym | The Plant List | (Hemsl.) Koidz. |
Synaedrys stipitata | Synonym | The Plant List | Koidz. |
1 | Cupules tuberculate or cupules from middle to apex with free scattered spinelike bracts 1-2 mm and from base to middle without bracts or with very short bracts (46) | a var. carlesii |
1 + | Cupules covered with adnate to fascicled spinelike bracts 2-5(-7) mm (46) | b var. spinulosa |
Trees ca. 20 m tall; young shoots and rachis of inflorescences sparsely covered with reddish brown, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes. Petiole to ca. 1 cm, base becoming thick, pillow-shaped; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate, 4-12 × 1-4.5 cm, leathery, abaxially with layers of reddish brown to yellowish brown, slightly adnate, small, lamellate scalelike trichomes when young but grayish brown to silvery with age, base slightly cuneate to broadly so and oblique, margin entire or with a few shallow teeth, apex acuminate to narrowly caudate; midvein adaxially flat to slightly impressed but impressed when dry; secondary veins 8-13 on each side of midvein. Rachis of male catkins glabrous or glabrescent. Infructescence rachis 2-3 mm thick, glabrous. Cupule subglobose to ovoid, 1-1.5 cm, outside yellowish brown to reddish brown feltlike pubescent and covered with waxy scalelike trichomes, wall 0.5(-1) mm thick; bracts spinelike or reduced to tubercles. Nut subglobose to broadly conical, apex shortly pointed; scar basal, ca. 5 mm in diam. Fl. Mar-Jun, fr. Sep-Nov of following year.
* Mixed and broad-leaved evergreen forests, mixed mesophytic forests; below 1700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang
The variation in cupule spines length is continuous between the two extremes, and it is not always possible to distinguish the two varieties.
50. 米槠 米锥、白栲、石槠、小叶槠、米子子槠、细米橼,白橼(广东),米锥(广西),长尾栲、锯叶长尾栲(台湾)
Castanopsis carlesii (Hemsl.) Hayata, Gen. Ind. Fl. Form. 72. 1917; Chun, Ic. Pl. Sin. 2, t. 59. 1929; A. Camus, Chatiag. 486. 1929; 中国高等植物图鉴 1: 416.图823. 1972.——Quercus carlesii Hemsl. in Hook. Ic. Pl. 26, pl. 2591. 1899. ——Synaedrys carlesii (Hemsl.) Koidz. in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 30: 186. 1916. ——Shiia carlesii (Hemsl.) Kudo in Journ. Soc. Trop. Agr. 3: 17. 1931. ——Q. longicaudata Hayata, Ic. Pl. Form. 3: 182, f. 29. 1913; Pasania longicaudata (Hayata) Hayata, l. c. ; Lithocarpus longicaudata (Hayata) Hayata, Gen. Ind. Fl. Form. 72. 1917. ——Shiia longicaudata (Hayata) Kudo et Masamune ex Masamune in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 44: 405. 1930. ——Castanopsis longicaudata (Hayata) Nakai in Journ. Jap. Bot. 15: 266. 1939. ——Q. stipitata Hayata ex Koidz. in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 30: 187. 1916.——L. stipitata (Hayata) Koidz. in l. c. 39: 2. 1925. ——C. stipitata (Hayata) Nakai in l. c. 15: 266. 1939; 台湾植物志2: 55. 1976. ——Q. cuspidata auct. non (Thunb.) Schott.: Henry, List. Pl. Form. 90. 1896; Rehd. et Wils. in Sarg. Pl. Wils. 3: 204. 1916 et auctt. plur. ——Q. junghuhnii auct. non Miq. : Hayata in Journ. Coll. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 25: 203. 1908.
50a. 米槠(原变种)图版18: 5-8
var. carlesii
乔木,高达20米,胸径80厘米,芽小,两侧压扁状,新生枝及花序轴有稀少的红褐色片状蜡鳞,二及三年生枝黑褐色,皮孔甚多,细小。叶披针形,长6-12厘米,宽1.5-3厘米,或长4-6厘米,宽1-2厘米,或卵形,长6-9厘米,宽3-4.5厘米,顶部渐尖或渐狭长尖,基部有时一侧稍偏斜,叶全缘,或兼有少数浅裂齿,鲜叶的中脉在叶面平坦或微凸起,压干后常变凹陷,侧脉每边8-13条,稀较少,在叶面微凸,在叶缘附近上下连结,支脉纤细,嫩叶叶背有红褐色或棕黄色稍紧贴的细片状蜡鳞层,成长叶呈银灰色或多少带灰白色;叶柄长通常不到10毫米,基部增粗呈枕状。雄圆锥花序近顶生,花序轴无毛或近无毛,雌花的花柱3或2枚,长约1/2毫米;果序轴横切面径2-3毫米,无毛,壳斗近圆球形或阔卵形,长10-15毫米,顶部短狭尖或圆,基部圆或近于平坦,或突然收窄而又稍微延长呈短柄状,外壁有疣状体,或甚短的钻尖状,或部分横向连生成脊肋状,有时位于顶部的为长1-2毫米的短刺,被棕黄或锈褐色毡毛状微柔毛及蜡鳞;坚果近圆球形或阔圆锥形,顶端短狭尖,顶部近花柱四周及近基部被疏伏毛,熟透时变无毛,果脐位于坚果底部。花期3-6月,果次年9-11月成熟。
产长江以南各地。见于海拔1 500米以下山地或丘陵常绿或落叶阔叶混交林中。常为主要树种,有时成小片纯林。模式标本采自福建福州鼓山。
本种的壳斗外壁从仅有疣状体到有短刺,其间的连续现象颇明显,大抵南部及东南部沿海各地所产的其壳壁具疣状体,或有时兼有甚短的刺。模式产地一福州鼓山及其邻近地区产的是典型的仅有疣状体的类型。产四川南川的其壳斗为椭圆形;产云南东南部及广西西南部的,其嫩叶背面有红棕色、较厚的蜡鳞层,沿中脉两侧有时有极少数短伏毛,壳斗外壁除有稀疏的微柔毛外,尚有红棕色蜡鳞,叶片质地较厚。
向东至日本南部,有与本种很近缘的 C. cuspidata (Thunb.) Schott. 它的壳壁只有小而薄的鳞片状体,壳斗长椭圆形且远较大。产亚洲南部的 C. acuminatissima Bl. 与本种也近缘,有认为二者同种,但叶和壳斗的形态仍有明显区别。在国内,分布至内陆,如湖北、四川、贵州等地,即壳斗的刺随着远离海岸越远则越长,以此特征,有下列一变种。
50b. 短刺米槠(变种)西南米槠 图版18: 9-12
var. spinulosa Cheng et Chao in Silv. Sci. 8(1): 6. 1963, pro parte, C. W. Wang 84711 et 85588, R. C. Ching 8009 exclud.
与米槠的区别是壳斗的刺长2-5毫米,刺基部常合生成刺束,位于壳斗顶部的刺较密集且较长。花、果期同前。
产四川(峨眉、青城山)、贵州(梵净山、天台山等地)。生于较高海拔的山地杂木林中,有时成小片纯林。模式标本采自四川青城山。
树皮较平滑,位于枝节下的芽鳞痕甚明显,木材通常淡黄色或黄白色,群众称之为白锥、白橼或白栲,但老龄大树的木材呈黄棕色,故又称之为黄橼,木质部有细宽的两类木射线,宽木射线甚窄,年轮稍明显,不呈圆形,材质稍坚实,结构略粗,干后常开裂,材性远逊于红锥类,一般归入白锥类,是长江以南的常见主要树种。
Castanopsis carlesii | |||
Family Name: | Fagaceae | Genera name: | Castanopsis |
Species name: | carlesii | Genera status: | |
NLR: | Comments: | ||
Sample Name: | Xiaolongtan | Formation: | Xiaolongtan |
Age: | Epoch (to): | Miocene~ | |
Stage: | ~ | Contributer: | |
Ecology: | subtropical evergreen forest | Climate: | warm, humid |
|
locality name: | Xiaolongtan | Province/State: | Yunnan |
Continents: | Asia | county: | Kaiyuan |
country: | China | longitude-decimal degrees: | 103.1978 |
latitude-decimal degrees: | 23.8125 | elevation [m]: | 1110 |
Notes: |
Xia et al., 2010 | |||
title: | |||
Year: | Type: | ||
Volume: | Issue: | ||
Pages: | Publisher: | ||
Location of publisher: | General: | ||
Authors: |
Xia et al., 2010 | |||
title: | |||
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Volume: | Issue: | ||
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Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
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Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
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Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
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Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
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Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
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0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
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新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
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第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
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全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
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上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
||||||||||||||||||
0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |