| 学名(拉丁名) | Betula |
| 中文名 | 桦木属 |
| 命名人 | L. |
| 中文科名 | 桦木科 |
| 类型 | genus |
| 拉丁科名 | Betulaceae |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Betula |
| 中文名 | 桦木属 |
| 中文科名 | 桦木科 |
| 类型 | genus |
| 拉丁科名 | Betulaceae |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Betula |
| 类型 | genus |
| 拉丁科名 | Betulaceae |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Betula |
| 中文名 | 桦木属 |
| 类型 | genus |
| 拉丁科名 | Betulaceae |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Betula |
| 中文名 | 桦木属 |
| 中文科名 | 桦木科 |
| 类型 | genus |
| 拉丁科名 | Betulaceae |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Betula |
| 发表年份 | 1753(年) |
| 类型 | genus |
| 拉丁科名 | Betulaceae |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Betula |
| 类型 | genus |
| 1 | 果苞之侧裂片不明显或有时不发育，成熟后基部渐变为海绵质；小坚果之翅较宽，大部分露出果苞之 外；果序长圆柱形，下垂；叶的边缘具不规则的刺毛状重锯齿［组1.西桦组Sect. 1. Betulaster(Spach) Regel］ (2) | 西桦组 Sect. Betulaster |
| 1 | 果苞之侧裂片明显发育，成熟后基部不变为海绵质，小坚果之翅较狭，通常几乎全部为果苞所遮盖；果序圆柱形、矩圆状圆柱形、矩圆形或近球形，直立或下垂；叶的边缘具重锯齿或单齿（组2. 桦木组Sect. 2. Betula） (5) | 桦木组 Sect. Betula |
| 2 | 果序（2-) 3-5枚排成总状；果苞背面被短柔毛；叶披针形或卵状披针形，顶端渐尖至尾状渐尖（云南南部、广东海南岛尖峰岭）。 | 西桦 Betula alnoides |
| 2 | 果序2枚成对着生或大部分为单生间有2枚成对着生。 (3) | |
| 3 | 芽鳞无毛；叶柄除沟槽内密被长柔毛外，其余无毛；果苞的轮廓为菱形，长可达4-5毫米，宽约3毫米，背面无毛；小坚果长4-5毫米，宽约3毫米；叶矩圆形，长8-13厘米，宽4-7厘米，顶端渐尖（云南德钦）。 | 菱苞桦 Betula rhombibracteata |
| 3 | 芽鳞被长柔毛，较少无毛；叶柄密被淡黄色长柔毛；果苞的轮廓为矩圆披针形，长2-3毫米，宽1.5-1.7毫米，背面的基部疏被短柔毛；小坚果长约2毫米，宽约1毫米；叶矩圆形、宽矩圆形、矩圆状披针形、椭圆形、顶端骤尖、渐尖或呈细尾状。 (4) | |
| 4 | 果序通常2枚成对着生，叶顶端骤尖或渐尖（西藏、云南西北部）。 | 长穗桦 Betula cylindrostachya |
| 4 | 果序大部分单生，间或在一个短枝上出现两枚单生于叶腋的果序，极少有两枚果序成对着生者,叶顶端骤尖或呈细尾状（云南、四川、贵州、广西、广东、湖南、湖北、福建、江西、浙江、江苏、安徽、陕西、甘肃）。 | 亮叶桦 Betula luminifera |
| 5 | 小坚果具明显的膜质翅，翅宽为果的1/2以上，较少宽仅为果的1/3。 (6) | |
| 5 | 小坚果之翅极狭或几乎呈无翅状（亚组5. 坚桦亚组Subsect. 5. Chinenses Schneid.） (25) | 坚桦亚组 Subsect. Chinenses |
| 6 | 乔木或小乔木 (7) | |
| 6 | 灌木或小灌木（亚组. 柴桦亚组. Subsect. 4. Fruticosae Regel） (20) | 柴桦亚组 Subsect. Fruticosae |
| 7 | 树皮灰白色、黄白色、淡黄褐色，极少为灰褐色（盐桦B. halophila Ching），呈层剥裂；叶三角状卵形、三角状菱形、菱形、卵状菱形、宽卵状菱形，较少卵形、宽卵形；果苞之侧裂片斜展至向下弯，较少微开展至近直立；小坚果之翅与果等宽或较果宽1倍（亚组1. 桦木亚组Subsect. 1. Betula） (8) | 桦木亚组 Subsect. Betula |
| 7 | 树皮褐色、红褐色、灰褐色至黑褐色（仅岳桦B. ermanii Cham.的树皮为灰白色），呈薄层状或块状剥裂或不裂；叶卵形、倒卵形、椭圆形、宽卵形或宽卵状三角形，较少卵状菱形，果苞之侧裂片直立或斜展，较少下弯。 (12) | |
| 8 | 叶三角状卵形、三角状菱形、三角形，较少卵状菱形或宽卵形，顶端渐尖至尾状渐尖。 (9) | |
| 8 | 叶卵形、菱形、卵状菱形、宽卵状菱形，顶端锐尖或渐尖。 (10) | |
| 9 | 小坚果之翅与果近等宽（东北、华北、河南、陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、四川、云南、西藏）。 | 白桦 Betula platyphylla |
| 9 | 小坚果之翅较果宽1倍（新疆北部）。 | 垂枝桦 Betula pendula |
| 10 | 叶卵形，果苞之侧裂片下弯；小坚果之翅较果宽1倍；树皮灰褐色（新疆阿勒泰）。 | 盐桦 Betula halophila |
| 10 | 叶菱形、卵状菱形、宽卵状菱形、宽卵形或椭圆形；果苞之侧裂片斜展或平展，小坚果之翅与果等宽。 (11) | |
| 11 | 树皮灰白色；叶菱形、菱状倒卵形，较少宽卵形或椭圆形，基部楔形；果苞之侧裂片直立或斜展，长5-6毫米（新疆阿尔泰山、哈密）。 | 小叶桦 Betula microphylla |
| 11 | 树皮黄白色、淡黄褐色，偶有红褐色；叶宽卵状菱形或卵状菱形，有时卵形，基部宽楔形，有时楔形；果苞之侧裂片斜展至横展，长5-8毫米（新疆天山）。 | 天山桦 Betula tianschanica |
| 12 | 树皮黑褐色；果苞之中裂片通常比侧裂片窄而较之微长，侧裂片斜展、横展至微下弯；叶具侧脉6-8对；小坚果之翅较果狭1/2或更狭（黑龙江、辽宁. 北部、吉林东部、内蒙古、山西、河北）（亚组2. 黑桦亚组Subsect. 2. Dahuricae Regel）。 | 黑桦 Betula dahurica |
| 12 | 树皮褐色、红褐色或灰褐色；果苞之中裂片通常与侧裂片近等宽而较侧裂片长得多；侧裂片斜展或近直立；叶具侧脉8-16对（亚组3. 硕桦亚组Subsect. 3. Costatae Regel） (13) | 硕桦亚组 Subsect. Costatae |
| 13 | 果序单生兼有2-4枚簇生或排成总状。 (14) | |
| 13 | 果序全部单生；小坚果之翅宽为果的1/2；树皮灰褐色、暗灰褐色或黑褐色，呈层剥裂、龟裂或纵裂 (16) | |
| 14 | 果序单生兼具2-3枚簇生；总梗粗壮，无果序梗；果苞背面的基部具一丛稠密的黄色短粗毛；小坚果之翅宽为果的1/2；枝、叶幼时均无毛（云南金平）。 | 金平桦 Betula jinpingensis |
| 14 | 果序单生或同时有2-4枚排成总状；总梗细瘦，果序梗明显；果苞背面疏被短柔毛；小坚果之翅与果近等宽；枝、叶幼时均被毛。 (15) | |
| 15 | 树皮暗红褐色，呈层剥裂；小枝密生树脂腺体及短柔毛，较少无腺体无毛；叶的背面沿脉密被长柔毛，脉腋间具密的髯毛（西藏、四川西部、湖北、河南、河北、山西、陕西、甘肃）。 | 糙皮桦 Betula utilis |
| 15 | 树皮红褐色，呈大片的薄层状剥裂，被白粉，小枝疏生树脂腺体或无腺体，疏被短柔毛或无毛；叶的背面沿脉疏被长柔毛或无毛，脉腋间通常无髯毛，有时具稀少的髯毛（云南、四川东部、湖北、河南、河北、陕西、甘肃、青海）。 | 红桦 Betula albosinensis |
| 16 | 果序粗壮，圆柱形，长3-6厘米，直径1.2-2.5厘米；果苞较大，长8-13毫米，背面密被短柔毛，中裂片顶端常具一束长纤毛；叶较大，长5-14厘米，宽3-7厘米，顶端锐尖或渐尖；小坚果长4-5毫米（广东、广西、湖南、贵州、云南、四川）。 | 华南桦 Betula austrosinensis |
| 16 | 果序较细瘦，矩圆形、矩圆状圆柱形，长2-3厘米，直径不超过1厘米；果苞较小，长5-8毫米，除边缘具纤毛外，其余无毛；叶较小，长3.5-8.5厘米，宽1.5-4厘米；小坚果长不超过3毫米。 (17) | |
| 17 | 芽鳞无毛；叶长卵形、有时卵形，基部圆形，有时近心形；果苞的边缘疏生短纤毛（小兴安岭、长白山、河北）。 | 硕桦 Betula costata |
| 17 | 芽鳞密被银白色绒毛；叶三角状卵形、宽卵形或卵形，基部圆楔形、圆形或近心形，边缘具锐尖重锯齿；果苞的边缘具长纤毛。 (18) | |
| 18 | 果苞之侧裂片斜展，顶端钝，基部下延呈一倒三角状的裂片（大兴安岭英吉里山）。 | 英吉里岳桦 Betula ermanii var. yingkiliensis |
| 18 | 果苞之侧裂片近直立，顶端尖，基部不下延。 (19) | |
| 19 | 果序矩圆形，长约为直径的2倍；序梗长约3-6毫米（大、小兴安岭和长白山）。 | 岳桦 （原变种） Betula ermanii var. ermanii |
| 19 | 果序近圆球形，长稍大于直径；序梗短，长不超过3毫米（黑龙江尚志帽儿山）。 | 帽儿山岳桦 Betula ermanii var. macrostrobila |
| 20 | 叶卵形、宽卵形、菱状卵形、菱状椭圆形、宽椭圆形或椭圆形 (21) | |
| 20 | 叶近圆形或宽倒卵形 (24) | |
| 21 | 小坚果之翅与果等宽或较果宽；果苞之侧裂片斜展至横展；叶椭圆形、卵状椭圆形，有时卵形（内蒙古锡盟、黑龙江北部）。 | 砂生桦 Betula gmelinii |
| 21 | 小坚果之翅宽及果的1/2；果苞之侧裂片直立或微开展至横展 (22) | |
| 22 | 幼枝密被长柔毛和短柔毛；叶菱状卵形、菱状椭圆形、椭圆形、宽椭圆形或倒卵形，长3-5.5厘米，宽2-4厘米，幼时两面密被白色长柔毛；果序长1.5-3厘米，直径1-1. 2厘米；果苞之侧裂片直立或微开展（黑龙江南部、长白山）。 | 油桦 Betula ovalifolia |
| 22 | 幼枝微粗糙；叶卵形或长卵形，有时宽卵形，幼时两面无毛；果苞之侧裂片微开展至横展，很少近直立。 (23) | |
| 23 | 树皮白色；叶的两面密生小腺点，边缘具细而密的锯齿；果序梗长3-10毫米（黑龙江北部、内蒙古东北部）。 | 柴桦 Betula fruticosa |
| 23 | 树皮暗褐色；叶无腺点或幼时疏生腺点，边缘具粗锯齿；果序梗几乎不明显，长仅1-3毫米（新疆阿尔泰山）。 | 甸生桦 Betula humilis |
| 24 | 叶近圆形；果序直立；小坚果之翅稍狭于果，很少与果等宽（新疆阿尔泰山）。 | 圆叶桦 Betula rotundifolia |
| 24 | 叶宽倒卵形；果序下垂或斜展；小坚果之翅比果宽（大兴安岭）。 | 扇叶桦 Betula middendorfii |
| 25 | 叶脉在叶上面微下陷或不下陷；叶片厚纸质 (26) | |
| 25 | 叶脉在叶上面下陷，叶片革质 (32) | |
| 26 | 果序较粗壮，直径可达1.5-2厘米；叶片较大，长8-13厘米，宽3-6厘米；果苞长7-12毫米，背面密被短柔毛，3枚裂片均为狭披针形，侧裂片直立，长及中裂片的1/2以上；小坚果长约4毫米；乔木，高10-25米（四川、贵州、湖南、湖北）。 | 香桦 Betula insignia |
| 26 | 果序较细瘦，直径不超过10毫米；叶片较小，最长不超过8厘米；果苞长约5毫米，除边缘具纤毛外，其余无毛，极少疏被短柔毛，中裂片矩圆形或披针形，侧裂片卵形、三角状披针形或矩圆形，斜展；小坚果长不超过3毫米。 (27) | |
| 27 | 高大乔木，树高可达20-35米；树皮及枝条均呈黑色或黑褐色；叶卵形或宽椭圆形；果苞中裂片披针形，侧裂片三角状披针形，成熟时紫褐色，无毛（吉林省东部、东南部）。 | 赛黑桦 Betula schmidtii |
| 27 | 灌木或小乔木，较少为乔木，树高一般为2-5米，很少可达10米；树皮及枝条均呈灰色、暗灰色或灰褐色。 (28) | |
| 28 | 果序矩圆状圆柱形、矩圆形，长1.5-2.5厘米，直径7-10毫米；果苞长6-10毫米，裂片不反折。 (29) | |
| 28 | 果序近球形，较少为矩圆形，长8-20毫米，直径6-15毫米；果苞的裂片通常反折，较少不反折；叶具侧脉8-9对。 (31) | |
| 29 | 叶及果序均显著变小，叶长1.5-2（3）厘米，侧脉5-9对；果序矩圆形，长约1厘米，直径约5毫米（四川西部、西藏东部、青海南部）。 | 细穗高山桦 Betula delavayi var. microstachya |
| 29 | 叶长3-7厘米；侧脉9-21对；果序矩圆状圆柱形，长1.5-2.5厘米，直径7-10毫米。 (30) | |
| 30 | 叶具侧脉9-14对；果苞除边缘具纤毛外，余则无毛（四川西南部、云南西北部）。 | 高山桦（原变种） Betula delavayi var. delavayi |
| 30 | 叶具侧脉19-21对；果苞除边缘具纤毛外，背面尚密被短柔毛（云南丽江）。 | 多脉高山桦 Betula delavayi var. polyneura |
| 31 | 灌木或小乔木，高1-5米，树皮暗灰色（东北、华北、河南、山东、陕西、甘肃）。 | 坚桦（原变种） Betula chinensis var. chinensis |
| 31 | 乔木，高10-12米，树皮灰黑色（湖北西部、四川东部及平武县）。 | 狭翅桦 Betula chinensis. var. fargesh |
| 32 | 叶近圆形或宽卵形，较少矩圆形，顶端圆或钝，较少锐尖；叶柄短或几乎不明显；果苞背面被黄色长柔毛；直立或匍匐灌木，高0.4-3米（四川西南部、云南西北部）。 | 岩桦 Betula calcicola |
| 32 | 叶矩圆状披针形或卵状披针形，有时为椭圆形，顶端渐尖或锐尖；叶柄长2-5毫米；果苞背面无毛或被短柔毛。 (33) | |
| 33 | 乔木，高达12米；雄花序较长，长可达5厘米，其苞鳞被稠密的淡黄褐色长柔毛（四川九龙）。 | 九龙桦 Betula jiulungensis |
| 33 | 灌木，有时为小乔木，高2-6.米；雄花序较短，长不及3厘米，其苞鳞密被黄褐色长柔毛。 (34) | |
| 34 | 芽鳞通常无毛；叶缘两侧脉间具两枚明显的锐尖重锯齿，叶片的背面沿脉密被黄白色或白色长柔毛，网脉间几无毛（四川西部、西北部、甘肃东南部）。 | 矮桦 Betula potaninii |
| 34 | 芽鳞密被白色绒毛；叶缘两侧脉间具1枚较少为2枚钝锯齿，叶片背面密被黄褐色长柔毛，网脉间亦密被毛（四川峨眉山）。 | 峨眉矮桦 Betula potaninii var. tricogemma |
| 1 | Female inflorescence narrowly cylindric; lateral lobes of bracts reduced; wings of nutlet partly exserted, much wider than nutlet; leaves irregularly and doubly setiform serrate. | (2) |
| 1 + | Female inflorescence oblong-cylindric, oblong, or subglobose; lateral lobes of bracts distinct; wings of nutlet included; leaves irregularly or regularly doubly serrate. | (5) |
| 2 (1) | Female inflorescences 2-5 in a raceme; bracts densely pubescent abaxially; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, apex acuminate or caudate-acuminate (1) | Betula alnoides |
| 2 (1) + | Female inflorescences 1 or 2. | (3) |
| 3 (2) | Female inflorescence 1(or 2) (4) | Betula luminifera |
| 3 (2) + | Female inflorescences 2. | (4) |
| 4 (3) | Scales of buds glabrous; petiole glabrous except villous in furrow; bracts rhombic, 4-5 × ca. 3 mm, glabrous; nutlet 3-5 × 1.5-3 mm (2) | Betula rhombibracteata |
| 4 (3) + | Scales of buds villous; petiole densely yellow villous; bracts oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 × 1.5-1.7 mm, pubescent at base; nutlet ca. 2 × 1-1.5 mm (3) | Betula cylindrostachya |
| 5 (1) | Nutlet narrowly bordered, not distinctly winged. | (6) |
| 5 (1) + | Nutlet with distinct, membranous wings. | (14) |
| 6 (5) | Leaves leathery, midvein and lateral veins deeply impressed adaxially, distinctly raised abaxially. | (7) |
| 6 (5) + | Leaves papery, midvein and lateral veins sometimes slightly impressed adaxially, raised abaxially. | (10) |
| 7 (6) | Trees to 12 m tall; bracts of male inflorescence yellow-brown tomentose (8) | Betula jiulungensis |
| 7 (6) + | Shrubs or small trees to 5 m tall; bracts of male inflorescence yellow or white villous. | (8) |
| 8 (7) | Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, apex rounded or obtuse; petiole 1-2 mm; bracts of female inflorescence densely yellow villous (7) | Betula calcicola |
| 8 (7) + | Leaves ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, apex acuminate or acute; petiole 3-5 mm; bracts of female inflorescence glabrous or pubescent. | (9) |
| 9 (8) | Scales of buds glabrous; leaves densely yellow or white villous along veins except on reticulate veins abaxially, margin with 2 acute teeth between lateral veins (5) | Betula potaninii |
| 9 (8) + | Scales of buds densely white tomentose; leaves densely yellow-brown tomentose along veins.abaxially, margin with 1(or 2) obtuse teeth between lateral veins (6) | Betula trichogemma |
| 10 (6) | Female inflorescences 4 in a raceme, cylindric; leaves 12-13 × 7-8 cm, densely yellow tomentose abaxially (9) | Betula gynoterminalis |
| 10 (6) + | Female inflorescence 1, subglobose, ovoid, ovoid-oblong, or oblong-cylindric; leaves less than 10 × 5 cm, villous or glabrescent abaxially. | (11) |
| 11 (10) | Trees to 35 m tall. | (12) |
| 11 (10) + | Shrubs usually to 5 m tall. | (13) |
| 12 (11) | Trees to 35 m tall; bark black or black-brown; female inflorescence oblong-cylindric; peduncle 3-6 mm; bracts 4-5 mm, with lateral lobes ca. 1/2 as long as middle lobe (10) | Betula schmidtii |
| 12 (11) + | Trees to 15 m tall; bark dark gray; female inflorescence ovoid or ovoid-oblong; peduncle 1-2 mm; bracts 5-10 mm, with lateral lobes subequal to middle lobe (11) | Betula fargesii |
| 13 (11) | Female inflorescence oblong-cylindric or oblong; lobes of bracts with apex not reflexed; leaves with 9-21 lateral veins on each side of midvein (12) | Betula delavayi |
| 13 (11) + | Female inflorescence subglobose, rarely oblong; lobes of bracts with apex usually reflexed; leaves with 8 or 9 lateral veins on each side of midvein (13) | Betula chinensis |
| 14 (5) | Leaves with 8-15 lateral veins on each side of midvein. | (15) |
| 14 (5) + | Leaves with 3-8 lateral veins on each side of midvein. | (21) |
| 15 (14) | Bud scales densely silky villous; leaves triangular-ovate, broadly ovate, or ovate; bark grayish white (20) | Betula ermanii |
| 15 (14) + | Bud scales glabrous; leaves ovate, elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate; bark grayish black, dark brown, red-brown, or dark red-brown. | (16) |
| 16 (15) | Wings of nutlet 1/4-1/2 as wide as nutlet; female inflorescence subsessile (14) | Betula insignis |
| 16 (15) + | Wings of nutlet ca. 1/2 as wide as nutlet or more; female inflorescence pedunculate. | (17) |
| 17 (16) | Wings of nutlet ca. 1/2 as wide as nutlet; female inflorescence 1-2.5 cm in diam.; peduncle only 2-3 mm or obscure; branchlets without resinous glands. | (18) |
| 17 (16) + | Wings of nutlet ca. as wide as nutlet; female inflorescence less than 1 cm in diam.; peduncle 8-15 mm; branchlets densely resinous glandular. | (19) |
| 18 (17) | Female inflorescence 1, or 2 or 3 in a cluster, 4-5 × ca. 1 cm; bracts with a tuft of yellow hairs at base (15) | Betula jinpingensis |
| 18 (17) + | Female inflorescence 1, 2.5-6 × 1.2-2.5 cm; bracts densely pubescent (16) | Betula austrosinensis |
| 19 (17) | Female inflorescence 1; bracts ciliate; bark grayish (19) | Betula costata |
| 19 (17) + | Female inflorescence 1, or 2-4 in a raceme; bracts sparsely pubescent; bark red-brown or dark red-brown. | (20) |
| 20 (19) | Leaves densely bearded in axils of lateral veins abaxially; bark dark red-brown (17) | Betula utilis |
| 20 (19) + | Leaves usually not bearded in axils of lateral veins abaxially; bark orange-red or orange (18) | Betula albosinensis |
| 21 (14) | Trees. | (22) |
| 21 (14) + | Shrubs or dwarf shrubs. | (27) |
| 22 (21) | Bark black-brown, fissured; wings of nutlet ca. 1/2 as wide as nutlet (26) | Betula dahurica |
| 22 (21) + | Bark gray-white, yellow-white, light yellow-brown, or grayish brown, exfoliating; wings of nutlet ca. as wide as or wider than nutlet. | (23) |
| 23 (22) | Leaves triangular, triangular-ovate, or triangular-rhombic, apex acuminate or caudate-acuminate. | (24) |
| 23 (22) + | Leaves ovate, rhombic, ovate-rhombic, or broadly ovate-rhombic, apex acute or acuminate. | (25) |
| 24 (23) | Branches usually pendulous in mature trees; wings of nutlet ca. 2 × as wide as nutlet (22) | Betula pendula |
| 24 (23) + | Branches not pendulous; wings of nutlet about as wide as nutlet (21) | Betula platyphylla |
| 25 (23) | Bark grayish brown; leaves ovate; wings of nutlet 1.5-2 × as wide as nutlet (23) | Betula halophila |
| 25 (23) + | Bark grayish white, yellow-white, or yellow-brown; leaves rhombic, ovate-rhombic, or broadly ovate-rhombic; wings of nutlet ca. as wide as nutlet. | (26) |
| 26 (25) | Bark grayish white; leaves rhombic or obovate-rhombic, base cuneate (24) | Betula microphylla |
| 26 (25) + | Bark yellow-white or light yellow-brown; leaves broadly ovate-rhombic, base broadly cuneate (25) | Betula tianschanica |
| 27 (21) | Leaves suborbicular or broadly obovate. | (28) |
| 27 (21) + | Leaves ovate, broadly ovate, ovate-rhombic, elliptic-rhombic, obovate-elliptic, or broadly elliptic. | (29) |
| 28 (27) | Leaves suborbicular; peduncle 3-4 mm; wings of nutlet ca. as wide as or slightly narrower than nutlet (31) | Betula rotundifolia |
| 28 (27) + | Leaves broadly obovate; peduncle 8-10 mm; wings of nutlet slightly wider than nutlet (32) | Betula middendorfii |
| 29 (27) | Wings of nutlet 1-2 × as wide as nutlet (30) | Betula gmelinii |
| 29 (27) + | Wings of nutlet ca. 1/2 as wide as nutlet. | (30) |
| 30 (29) | Branchlets densely villous and pubescent; leaves obovate-elliptic, ovate-rhombic, elliptic-rhombic, or broadly elliptic, densely white villous on both surfaces when young; lateral lobes of bracts suberect or slightly spreading (27) | Betula ovalifolia |
| 30 (29) + | Branchlets scabrous; leaves ovate, broadly ovate, or ovate-elliptic, glabrous; lateral lobes of bracts spreading or horizontal. | (31) |
| 31 (30) | Bark grayish white; leaves densely glandular punctate on both surfaces, margin minutely serrate; peduncle (2-)3-10 mm (28) | Betula fruticosa |
| 31 (30) + | Bark dark brown; leaves not glandular punctate, margin roughly serrate; peduncle 1-3 mm (29) | Betula humilis |
乔木或灌木；树皮光滑或成环状片层剥离，或成块状纵裂，灰色、褐色或黑色；芽无柄；芽鳞多数，呈覆瓦状排列。叶互生，叶面光滑，背面通常具腺点，边缘具重锯齿，稀单锯齿，托叶分离，早落。花单性，雌雄同株，雄花序2—4枚，簇生枝顶或侧生；苞鳞覆瓦状排裂，每苞鳞内具2枚小苞片和3朵雄花；雄花具花被，膜质，基部联合，雄蕊通常2枚，花丝短，顶端分叉，花药2室，药室分离，顶端通常具毛；雌花序单生或2—5枚组成总状，直立或下垂；苞鳞覆瓦状排列，每苞鳞内有3朵雌花，雌花无花被，子房2室，每室有1个倒生胚珠，花柱2枚，线形，分离。果苞鳞片状，革质，通常脱落，由1枚苞片和2枚小苞片发育而成，具3裂片，内有3枚小坚果；小坚果扁形，长约3毫米，具或宽或狭的膜质或纸质的翅，顶端具2枚宿存的花柱，种子单生，种皮膜质。约100种，主要分布在北温带，有少数种类延伸至北极区内。我国约29种，7变种；云南11种，2变种。本属为我省森林中主要阔叶树种之一，乔木树种为优良胶合板材及军工用材之一，有的树皮可提取单宁及香桦油。
6.桦木属——Betula L.
L., Sp. Pl. 982. 1753.
落叶乔木或灌木。树皮白色、灰色、黄白色、红褐色、褐色或黑褐色，光滑、横裂、纵裂、薄层状剥裂或块状剥裂。芽无柄，具数枚覆瓦状排列之芽鳞。单叶，互生，叶下面通常具腺点，边缘具重锯齿，很少为单锯齿，叶脉羽状，具叶柄；托叶分离，早落。花单性，雌雄同株；雄花序2-4枚簇生于上一年枝条的顶端或侧生；苞鳞覆瓦状排列，每苞鳞内具2枚小苞片及3朵雄花；花被膜质，基部连合；雄蕊通常2枚，花丝短，顶端叉分，花药具2个完全分离的药室，顶端有毛或无毛；花粉粒赤道面观为宽椭圆形，极面观具棱，大多数具3孔，呈三角形，很少为2、4、5-8孔，外壁两层均加厚，不形成孔室，外层在孔处无明显的带状加厚；雌花序单1或2-5枚生于短枝的顶端，圆柱状、矩圆状或近球形，直立或下垂；苞鳞覆瓦状排列，每苞鳞内有3朵雌花；雌花无花被，子房扁平，2室，每室有1个倒生胚珠，花柱2枚，分离。果苞革质，鳞片状，脱落，由3枚苞片愈合而成，具3裂片，内有3枚小坚果。小坚果小，扁平，具或宽或窄的膜质翅，顶端具2枚宿存的柱头。种子单生，具膜质种皮。
本属约100种，主要分布于北温带，少数种类分布至北极区内。我国产29种6变种。全国均有分布。
本属模式种：B. alba L. p. (B. pendula Roth)
本属植物最早出现于白垩纪，第三纪开始繁茂，分布于北半球的温带与寒带。我国山东山旺中新统有很好的叶化石保存，东北地区上白垩统曾发现化石花粉。
| Sample Name: | Achldorf(B) | Formation: | |
| Age: | Epoch (to): | Miocene~ | |
| Stage: | Pannonian~ | Contributer: | |
| Ecology: | Climate: | ||
|
|
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| locality name: | Achldorf | Province/State: | |
| Continents: | county: | ||
| country: | Germany | longitude-decimal degrees: | 12.35 |
| latitude-decimal degrees: | 48.45 | elevation [m]: | |
| Notes: | |||
| Achldorf-Unger, 1986 | |||
| title: | Geologie des Obermiozäns von Achldorf: Documenta Naturae, v. 30, p.1-13., München | ||
| Year: | 1986 | Type: | book |
| Volume: | Issue: | ||
| Pages: | Publisher: | ||
| Location of publisher: | General: | ||
| Authors: | Unger, H.J | ||
Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
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Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
| Sample Name: | Antropovo | Formation: | |
| Age: | Epoch (to): | Oligocene~ | |
| Stage: | Rupelian~ | Contributer: | |
| Ecology: | Climate: | ||
|
|
|||
| locality name: | Antropovo | Province/State: | Tiumensky |
| Continents: | county: | ||
| country: | Russian Federation | longitude-decimal degrees: | 65.816667 |
| latitude-decimal degrees: | 57.816667 | elevation [m]: | |
| Notes: | Antropovo Village, Tavda River | ||
| Western Siberia-Dorofeev, 1963 | |||
| title: | Tretichnye Flory Zapadnoi Sibiri (Tertiary Floras of Western Siberia) | ||
| Year: | 1963 | Type: | book |
| Volume: | Issue: | ||
| Pages: | 1-343 | Publisher: | |
| Location of publisher: | General: | ||
| Authors: | P. I. Dorofeev | ||
Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
| Sample Name: | Aubenham(B) | Formation: | |
| Age: | Epoch (to): | Miocene~ | |
| Stage: | ~ | Contributer: | |
| Ecology: | Climate: | ||
|
|
|||
| locality name: | Aubenham(B) | Province/State: | |
| Continents: | county: | ||
| country: | Germany | longitude-decimal degrees: | 12.4 |
| latitude-decimal degrees: | 48.3 | elevation [m]: | |
| Notes: | |||
| Aubenham(B)-Unger, 1983 | |||
| title: | Die Makro-Flora der Mergelgrube Aubenham nebst Bemerkungen zur Lithologie, Ökologie und Stratigraphie. | ||
| Year: | 1983 | Type: | journal |
| Volume: | 67 | Issue: | |
| Pages: | 37-129 | Publisher: | |
| Location of publisher: | General: | ||
| Authors: | Unger, H.-J | ||
Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
| Sample Name: | Beloyarka | Formation: | |
| Age: | Epoch (to): | Oligocene~ | |
| Stage: | Rupelian~ | Contributer: | |
| Ecology: | Climate: | ||
|
|
|||
| locality name: | Beloyarka | Province/State: | Sverdlovsk |
| Continents: | Europe | county: | Tavda river |
| country: | Russia | longitude-decimal degrees: | 64.9 |
| latitude-decimal degrees: | 58.2 | elevation [m]: | |
| Notes: | |||
| Western Siberia-Dorofeev, 1963 | |||
| title: | Tretichnye Flory Zapadnoi Sibiri (Tertiary Floras of Western Siberia) | ||
| Year: | 1963 | Type: | book |
| Volume: | Issue: | ||
| Pages: | 1-343 | Publisher: | |
| Location of publisher: | General: | ||
| Authors: | P. I. Dorofeev | ||
Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
| Sample Name: | Berga bei Sangershausen | Formation: | |
| Age: | Epoch (to): | Pliocene~ | |
| Stage: | Piacenzian~ | Contributer: | |
| Ecology: | Climate: | ||
|
|
|||
| locality name: | Berga bei Sangershausen | Province/State: | Thuringia |
| Continents: | Europe | county: | |
| country: | Germany | longitude-decimal degrees: | 11.3 |
| latitude-decimal degrees: | 51.466667 | elevation [m]: | |
| Notes: | Bezirk Halle | ||
| Berga bei Sangershausen-Mai and Walther, 1988 | |||
| title: | Die pliozaenen Floren von Thueringen, Deutsche Demokratische Republik | ||
| Year: | 1988 | Type: | journal |
| Volume: | 7 | Issue: | |
| Pages: | 55-297 | Publisher: | |
| Location of publisher: | General: | ||
| Authors: | D. H. Mai and H. Walther | ||
Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
| Sample Name: | Buffalo Canyon | Formation: | Buffalo Canyon |
| Age: | Epoch (to): | Miocene~ | |
| Stage: | Burdigalian~ | Contributer: | |
| Ecology: | Climate: | ||
|
|
|||
| locality name: | Buffalo Canyon | Province/State: | Nevada |
| Continents: | county: | Churchill | |
| country: | United States | longitude-decimal degrees: | -117.783333 |
| latitude-decimal degrees: | 39.2 | elevation [m]: | |
| Notes: | PA 291 | ||
| Buffalo Canyon-Axelrod, 1991 | |||
| title: | The Early Miocene Buffalo Canyon Flora of Western Nevada | ||
| Year: | 1991 | Type: | journal |
| Volume: | 135 | Issue: | |
| Pages: | 1-76 | Publisher: | |
| Location of publisher: | General: | ||
| Authors: | D. I. Axelrod | ||
Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
| Sample Name: | Chalk Hills | Formation: | Coal Valley |
| Age: | Epoch (to): | Pliocene~ | |
| Stage: | ~ | Contributer: | |
| Ecology: | Climate: | ||
|
|
|||
| locality name: | Chalk Hills | Province/State: | Nevada |
| Continents: | North America | county: | Storey |
| country: | United States | longitude-decimal degrees: | -119.648611 |
| latitude-decimal degrees: | 39.309722 | elevation [m]: | |
| Notes: | |||
| Chalk Hills-Axelrod, 1962 | |||
| title: | A Pliocene sequoiadendron forest from western Nevada | ||
| Year: | 1962 | Type: | journal |
| Volume: | 39 | Issue: | 3 |
| Pages: | 195-268 | Publisher: | |
| Location of publisher: | General: | ||
| Authors: | D.I. Axelrod. | ||
Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
| Sample Name: | Chernoluch, lignite | Formation: | |
| Age: | Epoch (to): | Miocene~Miocene | |
| Stage: | ~ | Contributer: | |
| Ecology: | Climate: | ||
|
|
|||
| locality name: | Chernoluch | Province/State: | Omsk |
| Continents: | Europe | county: | Irtysh River |
| country: | Russian Federation | longitude-decimal degrees: | 73.016667 |
| latitude-decimal degrees: | 55.216667 | elevation [m]: | |
| Notes: | |||
| Western Siberia-Dorofeev, 1963 | |||
| title: | Tretichnye Flory Zapadnoi Sibiri (Tertiary Floras of Western Siberia) | ||
| Year: | 1963 | Type: | book |
| Volume: | Issue: | ||
| Pages: | 1-343 | Publisher: | |
| Location of publisher: | General: | ||
| Authors: | P. I. Dorofeev | ||
Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
| Sample Name: | Chernoluch, Pliocene | Formation: | |
| Age: | Epoch (to): | Pliocene~ | |
| Stage: | ~ | Contributer: | |
| Ecology: | Climate: | ||
|
|
|||
| locality name: | Chernoluch | Province/State: | Omsk |
| Continents: | Europe | county: | Irtysh River |
| country: | Russian Federation | longitude-decimal degrees: | 73.016667 |
| latitude-decimal degrees: | 55.216667 | elevation [m]: | |
| Notes: | |||
| Western Siberia-Dorofeev, 1963 | |||
| title: | Tretichnye Flory Zapadnoi Sibiri (Tertiary Floras of Western Siberia) | ||
| Year: | 1963 | Type: | book |
| Volume: | Issue: | ||
| Pages: | 1-343 | Publisher: | |
| Location of publisher: | General: | ||
| Authors: | P. I. Dorofeev | ||
Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
| Sample Name: | Chernoluch, Miocene Sands | Formation: | |
| Age: | Epoch (to): | Miocene~Miocene | |
| Stage: | ~ | Contributer: | |
| Ecology: | Climate: | ||
|
|
|||
| locality name: | Chernoluch | Province/State: | Omsk |
| Continents: | Europe | county: | Irtysh River |
| country: | Russian Federation | longitude-decimal degrees: | 73.016667 |
| latitude-decimal degrees: | 55.216667 | elevation [m]: | |
| Notes: | |||
| Western Siberia-Dorofeev, 1963 | |||
| title: | Tretichnye Flory Zapadnoi Sibiri (Tertiary Floras of Western Siberia) | ||
| Year: | 1963 | Type: | book |
| Volume: | Issue: | ||
| Pages: | 1-343 | Publisher: | |
| Location of publisher: | General: | ||
| Authors: | P. I. Dorofeev | ||
Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
| Sample Name: | Christensen Ranch Florule site 32 ORR | Formation: | |
| Age: | Epoch (to): | Miocene~Oligocene | |
| Stage: | ~ | Contributer: | |
| Ecology: | Climate: | ||
| locality name: | Christensen Ranch Florule | Province/State: | Montana |
| Continents: | county: | Beaverhead | |
| country: | United States | longitude-decimal degrees: | -113.116667 |
| latitude-decimal degrees: | 45.15 | elevation [m]: | |
| Notes: | |||
| Christensen Ranch Florule-Becker, 1969 | |||
| title: | Fossil Plants of the Tertiary Beaverhead Basins in Southwestern Montana | ||
| Year: | 1969 | Type: | journal |
| Volume: | 127 | Issue: | |
| Pages: | 1-142 | Publisher: | |
| Location of publisher: | General: | ||
| Authors: | H. F. Becker. | ||
Phanerozoic |
Proterozoic |
Archean |
Hadean (informal) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cenozoic |
Mesozoic |
Paleozoic |
Neoproterozoic |
Mesoproterozoic |
Paleoproterozoic |
Neoarchean |
Mesoarchean |
Paleoarchean |
Eoarchean |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Quaternary |
Neogene |
Paleogene |
Cretaceous |
Jurassic |
Triassic |
Permian |
Carboniferous |
Devonian |
Silurian |
Ordovician |
Cambrian |
Ediacaran |
Cryogenian |
Tonian |
Stenian |
Ectasian |
Calymmian |
Statherian |
Orosirian |
Rhyacian |
Siderian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Holocene |
Pleistocene |
Pliocene |
Miocene |
Oligocene |
Eocene |
Paleocene |
Upper |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Lopingian |
Guadalupian |
Cisuralian |
Pennsylvanian-Upper |
Pennsylvanian-Middle |
Pennsylvanian-Lower |
Mississippian-Upper |
Mississippian-Middle |
Mississippian-Lower |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Pridoli |
Ludlow |
Wenlock |
Llandovery |
Upper |
Middle |
Lower |
Furongian |
Series 3 |
Series 2 |
Terreneuvian |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper |
"lonia" |
Calabrian |
Gelasian |
Piacenzian |
Zanclean |
Messinian |
Tortonian |
Serravallian |
Langhian |
Burdigalian |
Chattian |
Aquitanian |
Rupelian |
Priabonian |
Bartonian |
Lutetian |
Ypresian |
Thanetian |
Selandian |
Danian |
Maastrichtian |
Campanian |
Santonian |
Coniacian |
Turonian |
Cenomanian |
Albian |
Aptian |
Barremian |
Hauterivian |
Valanginian |
Berriasian |
Tithonian |
Kimmeridgian |
Oxfordian |
Callovian |
Bathonian |
Bajocian |
Aalenian |
Toarcian |
Pliensbachian |
Sinemurian |
Hettangian |
Rhaetian |
Norian |
Carnian |
Ladinian |
Anisian |
Olenekian |
Induan |
Changhsingian |
Wuchiapingian |
Capitanian |
Wordian |
Roadian |
Kungurian |
Artinskian |
Sakmarian |
Asselian |
Gzhelian |
Kasimovian |
Moscovian |
Bashkirian |
Serpukhovian |
Visean |
Tournaisian |
Famennian |
Frasnian |
Givetian |
Eifelian |
Emsian |
Pragian |
Lochkovian |
Ludfordian |
Gorstian |
Homerian |
Sheinwoodian |
Telychian |
Aeronian |
Rhuddanian |
Hirnantian |
Katian |
Sandbian |
Darriwilian |
Dapingian |
Floian |
Tremadocian |
Stage 10 |
Stage 9 |
Paibian |
Guzhangian |
Drumian |
Stage 5 |
Stage 4 |
Stage 3 |
Stage 2 |
Fortunian |
||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
显生宇 |
元古宇 |
太古宇 |
冥古宇 (非正式) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
新生界 |
中生界 |
古生界 |
新元古界 |
中元古界 |
古元古界 |
新太古界 |
中太古界 |
古太古界 |
始太古界 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
第四系 |
新近系 |
古近系 |
白垩系 |
侏罗系 |
三叠系 |
三叠系 |
石炭系 |
泥盆系 |
志留系 |
奥陶系 |
寒武系 |
埃迪卡拉系 |
成冰系 |
拉伸系 |
狭带系 |
延展系 |
盖层系 |
固结系 |
造山系 |
层侵系 |
成铁系 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全新统 |
更新统 |
上新统 |
中新统 |
渐新统 |
始新统 |
古新统 |
上白垩统 |
下白垩统 |
上侏罗统 |
中侏罗统 |
下侏罗统 |
上三叠统 |
中三叠统 |
下三叠统 |
乐平统 |
瓜德鲁普统 |
乌拉尔统 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-上 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-中 |
宾夕法尼亚亚系-下 |
密西西比亚系-上 |
密西西比亚系-中 |
密西西比亚系-下 |
上泥盆统 |
中泥盆统 |
下泥盆统 |
普里道利统 |
罗德洛统 |
文洛克统 |
兰多维列统 |
上奥陶统 |
中奥陶统 |
下奥陶统 |
芙蓉统 |
第三统 |
第二统 |
纽芬兰统 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
上更新统 |
“伊奥尼雅阶” |
卡拉布里雅阶 |
格拉斯阶 |
皮亚琴察阶 |
赞克尔阶 |
梅辛阶 |
托尔通阶 |
塞拉瓦尔阶 |
兰哥阶 |
布尔迪加尔阶 |
阿启坦阶 |
夏特阶 |
鲁培尔阶 |
普利亚本阶 |
巴尔通阶 |
鲁帝特阶 |
伊普里斯阶 |
坦尼特阶 |
赛兰特阶 |
丹尼阶 |
马斯特里赫特阶 |
坎潘阶 |
三冬阶 |
康尼亚克阶 |
土伦阶 |
赛诺曼阶 |
阿尔布阶 |
阿普特阶 |
巴雷姆阶 |
欧特里夫阶 |
凡兰吟阶 |
贝利阿斯阶 |
提塘阶 |
基末利阶 |
牛津阶 |
卡洛夫阶 |
巴通阶 |
巴柔阶 |
阿林阶 |
土阿辛阶 |
普林斯巴阶 |
辛涅缪尔阶 |
赫塘阶 |
瑞替阶 |
诺利阶 |
卡尼阶 |
拉丁阶 |
安尼阶 |
奥伦尼克阶 |
印度阶 |
长兴阶 |
吴家坪阶 |
卡匹敦阶 |
沃德阶 |
罗德阶 |
空谷阶 |
亚丁斯克阶 |
萨克马尔阶 |
阿瑟尔阶 |
格舍尔阶 |
卡西莫夫阶 |
莫斯科阶 |
巴什基尔阶 |
谢尔普霍夫阶 |
维宪阶 |
杜内阶 |
法门阶 |
弗拉阶 |
吉维特阶 |
艾菲尔阶 |
埃姆斯阶 |
布拉格阶 |
洛霍考夫阶 |
卢德福特阶 |
高斯特阶 |
侯墨阶 |
申伍德阶 |
特列奇阶 |
埃隆阶 |
鲁丹阶 |
赫南特阶 |
凯迪阶 |
桑比阶 |
达瑞威尔阶 |
大坪阶 |
弗洛阶 |
特马豆克阶 |
第十阶 |
第九阶 |
排碧阶 |
古丈阶 |
鼓山阶 |
第五阶 |
第四阶 |
第三阶 |
第二阶 |
幸运阶 |
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| 0 | 0.0117 | 0.126 | 0.781 | 1.806 | 2.588 | 3.6 | 5.332 | 7.246 | 11.608 | 13.82 | 15.97 | 20.43 | 23.03 | 28.4 ±0.1 | 33.9 ±0.1 | 37.2 ±0.1 | 40.4 ±0.2 | 48.6 ±0.2 | 55.8 ±0.2 | 58.7 ±0.2 | 61.1 | 65.5 ±0.3 | 70.6 ±0.6 | 83.5 ±0.7 | 85.8 ±0.7 | 88.6 | 93.6 ±0.8 | 99.6 ±0.9 | 112.0 ±1.0 | 125.0 ±1.0 | 130.0 ±1.5 | 133.9 | 140.2 ±3.0 | 145.5 ±4.0 | 150.8 ±4.0 | 155.6 | 161.2 ±4.0 | 164.7 ±4.0 | 167.7 ±3.5 | 171.6 ±3.0 | 175.6 ±2.0 | 183.0 ±1.5 | 189.6 ±1.5 | 196.5 ±1.0 | 199.6 ±0.6 | 203.6 ±1.5 | 216.5 ±2.0 | 228.7 | 237.0 ±2.0 | 245.9 | 249.5 | 251.0 ±0.4 | 253.8 ±0.7 | 260.4 ±0.7 | 265.8 ±0.7 | 268.0 ±0.7 | 270.6 ±0.7 | 275.6 ±0.7 | 284.4 ±0.7 | 294.6 ±0.8 | 299.0 ±0.8 | 303.4 ±0.9 | 307.2 ±1.0 | 311.7 ±1.1 | 318.1 ±1.3 | 328.3 ±1.6 | 345.3 ±2.1 | 359.2 ±2.5 | 374.5 ±2.6 | 385.3 ±2.6 | 391.8 ±2.7 | 397.5 ±2.7 | 407.0 ±2.8 | 411.2 ±2.8 | 416.0 ±2.8 | 418.7 ±2.7 | 421.3 ±2.6 | 422.9 ±2.5 | 426.2 ±2.4 | 428.2 ±2.3 | 436.0 ±1.9 | 439.0 ±1.8 | 443.7 ±1.5 | 445.6 ±1.5 | 455.8 ±1.6 | 460.9 ±1.6 | 468.1 ±1.6 | 471.8 ±1.6 | 478.6 ±1.7 | 488.3 ±1.7 | 492 | 496 | 499 | 503 | 506.5 | 510 | 515 | 521 | 528 | 542.0 ±1.0 | 635 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2050 | 2300 | 2500 | 2800 | 3200 | 3600 | 4000 | 4600 |
| Sample Name: | Compass Forest, White Cliff, Sample 10-G | Formation: | |
| Age: | Epoch (to): | Oligocene~ | |
| Stage: | Chattian~ | Contributer: | |
| Ecology: | Climate: | ||
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| locality name: | Compass Forest | Province/State: | Tomsk |
| Continents: | county: | ||
| country: | Russian Federation | longitude-decimal degrees: | 81 |
| latitude-decimal degrees: | 59.05 | elevation [m]: | |
| Notes: | |||
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