| 学名(拉丁名) | Asclepiadaceae |
| 中文名 | 萝藦科 |
| 类型 | family |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Asclepiadaceae |
| 中文名 | 萝藦科 |
| 中文科名 | 萝藦科 |
| 类型 | family |
| 拉丁科名 | Asclepiadaceae |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Asclepiadaceae |
| 中文名 | 萝藦科 |
| 类型 | family |
| 学名(拉丁名) | Asclepiadaceae |
| 中文名 | 萝藦科 |
| 类型 | family |
| 1 | 四合花粉，承载在匙形的载粉器上，载粉器的基部有一粘盘；花丝离生。 (2) | 杠柳亚科 Subfam. Periplocoideae |
| 1 | 花粉粒联结成块状，藏在1层软韧的薄膜内，通常通过花粉块柄系结于着粉腺上；花丝合生成筒状。 (7) | |
| 2 | 副花冠与花丝着生于花冠筒内面中部以上，与花丝离生。 (3) | 海岛藤族 Trib. Gymnanthereae |
| 2 | 副花冠与花丝同时着生于花冠的基部，与花丝合生。 (4) | 杠柳族 Trib. Periploceae |
| 3 | 花蕾端部三角状卵形，顶端钝；副花冠倒卵形，顶端具细尖头；载粉器4个粘生成短柱状，下面有1共同的载粉器柄和粘盘。 | 海岛藤属 Gymnanthera |
| 3 | 花蕾端部长圆形，顶端尾状渐尖；副花冠卵形，顶端钝；载粉器单个，匙形，下面有载粉器柄和粘盘。 | 白叶藤属 Cryptolepis |
| 4 | 副花冠裂片卵形；花药顶端具有毛。 | 须药藤属 Stelmatocrypton |
| 4 | 副花冠裂片钻状；花药顶端无毛。 (5) | |
| 5 | 副花冠裂片异形。 | 杠柳属 Periploca |
| 5 | 副花冠片同形。 (6) | |
| 6 | 蓇葖平滑。 | 马莲鞍属 Streptocaulon |
| 6 | 蓇葖具翅。 | 翅果藤属 Myriopteron |
| 7 | 每花药有花粉块4个，每药室藏2个，相邻2药室中的4个花粉块固定在1个细小淡色无柄的着粉腺上。 (8) | 鲫鱼藤亚科 Subfam. Secamonoideae |
| 7 | 每花药有花粉块2个，每药室藏1个，相邹2药室中的2个花粉块固定在1个紫红色有柄的着粉腺上。 (11) | 马利筋亚科 Subfam. Asclepiadoideae |
| 8 | 花药顶端无膜质附属体。 (9) | 弓果藤族 Trib. Toxocarpeae |
| 8 | 花药顶端具有膜质附属体。 (10) | 鲫鱼藤族 Trib. Secamoneae |
| 9 | 副花冠5深裂，裂片直立，顶端渐尖或急尖，通常比雄蕊长。 | 弓果藤属 Toxocarpus |
| 9 | 副花冠筒状，顶端短5裂，裂片外反，顶端圆形，与雄蕊等长。 | 勐腊藤属 Goniostemma |
| 10 | 花冠裂片内面具长柔毛；副花冠裂片三角形。 | 须花藤属 Genianthus |
| 10 | 花冠裂片内面无毛；副花冠裂片镰刀形。 | 鲫鱼藤属 Secamone |
| 11 | 花药顶端无膜片；花粉块内角边缘透明；花冠裂片不张开，顶端粘合。吊灯花属 Ceropegia Linn. | 吊灯花族 Trib. Ceropegieae |
| 11 | 花药顶端具膜片；花粉块边缘通常不透明（醉魂藤属Heterostemma Wight et Arn. 及眼树莲属 Dischidia R. Br. 除外）；花冠裂片张开。 (12) | |
| 12 | 花粉块下垂。 (13) | 马利筋族 Trib. Asclepiadeae |
| 12 | 花粉块直立或平展。 (28) | 牛奶菜族 Trib. Marsdenieae |
| 13 | 副花冠缺或仅有1个微形而膜质的副花冠着生在合蕊冠的基部；缠绕性植物。 | 乳突果属 Adelostemma |
| 13 | 具有明显的副花冠；直立或缠绕性植物。 (14) | |
| 14 | 双轮副花冠：一轮生于花冠上，另一轮生于合蕊冠的基部或生于雄蕊的背面。 (15) | |
| 14 | 一轮副花冠，生在雄蕊的背面。 (16) | |
| 15 | 有叶植物；在花冠上的副花冠生在花冠的基部，环状，在雄蕊上的副花冠其基部膨丹长，顶端渐尖高高伸出。 | 尖槐藤属 Oxystelma |
| 15 | 无叶植物；在合蕊冠基部的副花冠杯状，具有10个圆齿，在雄蕊上的副花冠5裂，裂片卵圆形，肉质。 | 肉珊瑚属 Sarcostemma |
| 16 | 茎直立或缠绕性的。 (17) | |
| 16 | 茎缠绕性的。 (23) | |
| 17 | 副花冠杯状或隧状。 | 鹅绒藤属 Cynanchum |
| 17 | 副花冠为5个小叶状。 (18) | |
| 18 | 副花冠基部有距。 | 牛角瓜属 Calotropis |
| 18 | 副花冠基部无距。 (19) | |
| 19 | 副花冠星状或匙形。 (20) | |
| 19 | 副花冠隆起或成侧板状。 (22) | |
| 20 | 副花冠星状。 | 滑藤属 Absolmsia |
| 20 | 副花冠匙形。 (21) | |
| 21 | 蓇葖平滑。 | 马利筋属 Asclepias |
| 21 | 蓇葖有刺。 | 钉头果属 Gomphocarpus |
| 22 | 副花冠成垂直的侧板状。 | 白水藤属 Pentastelma |
| 22 | 副花冠肉质隆起。 | 驼峰藤属 Merrillanthus |
| 23 | 副花冠成5个小叶状，极短，不到合蕊冠一半。 | 秦岭藤属 Biondia |
| 23 | 副花冠杯状或环状。 (24) | |
| 24 | 花较小（直径1厘米以下）；副花冠杯状，顶端有浅细齿或流苏状舌状片。 | 鹅绒藤属 Cynanchum |
| 24 | 花中等（直径1厘米以上）；副花冠环状。 (25) | |
| 25 | 柱头伸出于花药之外。 | 萝藦属 Metaplexis |
| 25 | 柱头为花药顶端膜片所遮盖。 (26) | |
| 26 | 副花冠长过花药。 | 大花藤属 Raphistemma |
| 26 | 副花冠短于花药。 (27) | |
| 27 | 副花冠具有10个短裂片。 | 铰剪藤属 Holostemma |
| 27 | 副花冠具有5个深裂片。 | 天星藤属 Graphistemma |
| 28 | 生在合蕊冠上的副花冠低矮或完全退化。 (29) | |
| 28 | 生在雄蕊背部或合蕊冠上的副花冠健全地发育。 (31) | |
| 29 | 副花冠低矮，为5个扁平的膜片，贴生在合蕊冠的基部。 | 纤冠藤属 Gongronema |
| 29 | 生在花冠上的副花冠有时退化在雄蕊背面的花冠筒内壁上成2纵列毛。 (30) | |
| 30 | 茎直立；副花冠具有5个齿状的裂片，着生在花冠裂片的湾缺处。 | 石萝藦属 Pentasacme |
| 30 | 茎缠绕；副花冠具有5个较硬的肉质条带或退化成2纵列毛，着生在花冠的喉部。 | 匙羹藤属 Gymnema |
| 31 | 肉质茎，如仙人掌状；副花冠双轮。 | 豹皮花属 Stapelia |
| 31 | 草质茎；副花冠单轮。 (32) | |
| 32 | 茎直立；具块状根。 | 润肺草属 Brachystelma |
| 32 | 茎缠绕性；无块状根。 (33) | |
| 33 | 花冠高脚碟状。 (34) | |
| 33 | 花冠辐状或坛状。 (36) | |
| 34 | 花冠膜质；副花冠内有凹口。 | 夜来香属 Telosma |
| 34 | 花冠近肉质；副花冠全缘。 (35) | |
| 35 | 副花冠背部加厚，裂片通常钻状。 | 牛奶菜属 Marsdenia |
| 35 | 副花冠背部扁平，裂片细小或全无。 | 黑鳗藤属 Stephanotis |
| 36 | 花粉块长圆状伸长。 (37) | |
| 36 | 花粉块球状或长圆状。 (43) | |
| 37 | 茎直立；副花冠角状。 | 蜂出巢属 Centrostemma |
| 37 | 茎附生，缠绕或匍匐；副花冠非角状。 (38) | |
| 38 | 花冠裂片尾状伸长。 | 金凤藤属 Dolichopetalum |
| 38 | 花冠裂片锐尖或钝。 (39) | |
| 39 | 花冠辐状，或近辐状。 (40) | |
| 39 | 花冠坛状。 (42) | |
| 40 | 花冠近辐状；花粉块柄曲折。 | 荟蔓藤属 Cosmostigma |
| 40 | 花冠辐状；花粉块柄正直。 (41) | |
| 41 | 副花冠星状；叶肉质；茎附生。 | 球兰属 Hoya |
| 41 | 副花冠非星状，而肿胀加厚，内角尖；叶纸质；茎不附生。 | 南山藤属 Dregea |
| 42 | 副花冠锚状。 | 眼树莲属 Dischidia |
| 42 | 副花冠钩状。 | 马兰藤属 Dischidanthus |
| 43 | 花粉块在外边或内角具有细小透明的膜边；副花冠长度与花冠筒等长。 | 醉魂藤属 Heterostemma |
| 43 | 花粉块在外边或内角没有细小透明膜边。 (44) | |
| 44 | 副花冠为5个卵形肉质的裂片所组成。 | 娃儿藤属 Tylophora |
| 44 | 副花冠为5个放射式角状突出物所组成。 | 箭药藤属 Belostemma |
| 1 | Pollen tetrads contained loosely on a spatulate translator with basal corpusculum; filaments free. | (2) |
| 1 + | Pollen granular, united into pollinia attached to a retinaculum through a caudicle; filaments connate into a gynostegium. | (7) |
| 2 (1) | Corolla tube well developed; corona lobes free from stamens. | (3) |
| 2 (1) + | Corolla tube very short so that stamens are inserted very close to corona. | (4) |
| 3 (2) | Flower buds conical-ovoid, apex obtuse; corona inserted at throat of corolla tube, lobes obovate, apex apiculate; pollen in 2 masses in each anther locule (1) | Gymnanthera |
| 3 (2) + | Flower buds cylindric-lanceolate, apex caudate-lanceolate; corona inserted at middle of corolla tube, lobes ovate or linear, apex obtuse; pollen in a single mass in each anther locule (2) | Cryptolepis |
| 4 (2) | Corona lobes ovate, shorter than anthers (6) | Stelmocrypton |
| 4 (2) + | Corona lobes subulate or threadlike, longer than anthers. | (5) |
| 5 (4) | Corona lobes 3-fid, central segment threadlike, lateral segments broad, flaplike; anthers abaxially pilose (5) | Periploca |
| 5 (4) + | Corona lobes entire; anthers glabrous. | (6) |
| 6 (5) | Follicles not winged, densely tomentose; interpetiolar line inconspicuous; inflorescences solitary at nodes, obconical, top rounded to flat; cymules racemelike (3) | Streptocaulon |
| 6 (5) + | Follicles with ca. 20 prominent papery wings, glabrous; interpetiolar line conspicuous, lobed; inflorescences normally paired at nodes, conical with well-defined main rachis, lax, top pointed; cymules forked (4) | Myriopteron |
| 7 (1) | Pollinaria each with 4 pollinia, fixed on a very small, sessile, pale retinaculum. | (8) |
| 7 (1) + | Pollinaria each with 2 pollinia, fixed on a stipitate, dark reddish retinaculum. | (11) |
| 8 (7) | Anthers without a membranous apical appendage. | (9) |
| 8 (7) + | Anthers with a membranous apical appendage. | (10) |
| 9 (8) | Corona deeply 5-lobed, lobes erect, acuminate or acute at apex, usually longer than stamens; inflorescences, and often rest of plant, with dark brown pilose hairs (7) | Toxocarpus |
| 9 (8) + | Corona shallowly 5-lobed, lobes revolute, rounded at apex, as long as stamens; plant glabrous to pale puberulent (8) | Goniostemma |
| 10 (8) | Corolla lobes villous inside; corona lobes triangular (9) | Genianthus |
| 10 (8) + | Corolla lobes glabrous inside; corona lobes falcate (10) | Secamone |
| 11 (7) | Plants always growing on trees or rock surfaces, often by means of adventitious roots; inflorescences flowering over long period and eventually developing a cylindric rachis covered with close-set pedicel scars; leaves mostly fleshy, rarely leathery to membranous. | (12) |
| 11 (7) + | Plants usually rooted in the ground; inflorescences various, rarely developing cylindric rachis covered with close-set pedicel scars; leaves membranous to leathery. | (14) |
| 12 (11) | Leaves cuneate, apex truncate to shallowly retuse; corolla lobes overlapping to left; stigma head long beaked, longer than anther appendages (24) | Micholitzia |
| 12 (11) + | Leaves linear to orbicular or obovate, apex rounded to long acuminate, very rarely truncate to retuse; corolla lobes valvate; stigma head discoid, 5-angled, shorter than anther appendages. | (13) |
| 13 (12) | Corolla rotate or reflexed, conspicuous; corona lobes fleshy, stellately spreading, glossy when dried (25) | Hoya |
| 13 (12) + | Corolla ovoid-urceolate, minute and inconspicuous; corona lobes not very fleshy, erect, not glossy when dried (26) | Dischidia |
| 14 (11) | Anthers without apical appendages or, if appendages present, inconspicuous and lacking membranous margin; pollinia with prominent translucent margin. | (15) |
| 14 (11) + | Anthers with apical appendages, these with conspicuous membranous margin; pollinia without prominent translucent margin. | (18) |
| 15 (14) | Corolla tubular with a swollen base and funnelform limb, lobes erect, usually coherent at apex (44) | Ceropegia |
| 15 (14) + | Corolla shortly campanulate to subrotate, lobes stellately spreading or incurved. | (16) |
| 16 (15) | Corona apparently represented by 5 denticulate scales inserted on corolla tube alternating with corolla lobes, no corona associated with gynostegium; plant always growing in close association with flowing water (41) | Pentasachme |
| 16 (15) + | Corolla tube without scales or appendages, corona inserted at base of gynostegium or on anthers; plants growing in relatively dry situations. | (17) |
| 17 (16) | Erect herbs with tuberous rootstock; latex clear or translucent; corona apparently double: outer lobes erect, usually 2-toothed or lobed, inner lobes incumbent over anthers (43) | Brachystelma |
| 17 (16) + | Twining, often robust, herbs; latex white; corona simple, with lobes flat on corolla, apex acute or rounded, inner lobes very short and inconspicuous (42) | Heterostemma |
| 18 (14) | Corona double: an outer whorl inserted at base of corolla and an inner whorl inserted on gynostegium or back of anthers. | (19) |
| 18 (14) + | Corona single, inserted on corolla tube, gynostegium, or back of anthers, sometimes very reduced to virtually absent. | (20) |
| 19 (18) | Stems slender and herbaceous when young; leaves well developed, persistent; corolla bowl-shaped, 2-3 cm in diam. (11) | Oxystelma |
| 19 (18) + | Stems succulent; leaves reduced to scales, short lived so plant is often leafless; corolla rotate or nearly so, deeply lobed, less than 1 cm in diam. (12) | Sarcostemma |
| 20 (18) | Erect herbs, shrubs, or small trees, always with self-supporting stems. | (21) |
| 20 (18) + | Climbing or prostrate herbs. | (25) |
| 21 (20) | Corona lobes inserted on backs of anthers; pollinia erect or horizontal (39) | Tylophora |
| 21 (20) + | Corona lobes inserted at base of gynostegium; pollinia pendulous. | (22) |
| 22 (21) | Plants slender herbs, sometimes tending to twine at tip; corona membranous and cupular to cylindric, or if deeply 5-lobed, lobes always joined laterally at base, fleshy, simple except sometimes for adaxial appendage (18) | Cynanchum |
| 22 (21) + | Plants robust herbs to small trees; corona of 5 free, fleshy, often elaborate lobes. | (23) |
| 23 (22) | Leaves ovate to obovate, often oblong, 7- 30 × 3-15 cm, with cordate to amplexicaul base; corona lobes each with an upcurved dorsal spur at base (13) | Calotropis |
| 23 (22) + | Leaves lanceolate, 5-15 × 0.5-4 cm, with cuneate to tapering base; corona lobes without spur at base. | (24) |
| 24 (23) | Flowers erect; corolla red or purple; corona bright red or yellow; follicles smooth, 1-1.5 cm thick (14) | Asclepias |
| 24 (23) + | Flowers pendent; corolla whitish; corona purplish; follicles with soft spines or bristles, 2.5-5 cm thick (15) | Gomphocarpus |
| 25 (20) | Corona lobes absent or reduced to separate scales at base of gynostegium, corolla tube sometimes with apparent corona. | (26) |
| 25 (20) + | Corona lobes well developed or corona forming a continuous ring around base of gynostegium. | (30) |
| 26 (25) | Sepals leaflike, ca. 26 × 8 mm; corolla tube ca. 5 cm (32) | Jasminanthes |
| 26 (25) + | Sepals up to 7 mm; corolla tube up to 1 cm. | (27) |
| 27 (26) | Corolla tube with 5 longitudinal ridges sometimes produced into fleshy lobes and/or with lines of stiff hairs along each side (29) | Gymnema |
| 27 (26) + | Corolla tube without fleshy lobes or lines of hairs. | (28) |
| 28 (27) | Corolla lobes shorter than tube; stigma head club-shaped, exserted beyond anther appendages (17) | Adelostemma |
| 28 (27) + | Corolla lobes as long as or longer than tube; stigma head rounded or conical, not exserted beyond anther appendages. | (29) |
| 29 (28) | Corolla campanulate; corona lobes opposite anthers; pollinia erect (30) | Gongronema |
| 29 (28) + | Corolla very shallowly bowl-shaped, almost rotate; corona lobes alternate with anthers; pollinia pendulous (22) | Sichuania |
| 30 (25) | Apex of corolla lobes abruptly narrowed into a long tail; anthers thread-like at apex; stems with very conspicuous long reddish brown hairs; inflorescences racemelike with fleshy rachis obviously thicker than peduncle (27) | Dolichopetalum |
| 30 (25) + | Apex of corolla lobes obtuse or acuminate; anthers rounded at apex; stems without conspicuous reddish brown hairs; inflorescences various but never with fleshy rachis. | (31) |
| 31 (30) | Corona inserted around base of gynostegium; pollinia nearly always pendulous (horizontal in Tylophora ). | (32) |
| 31 (30) + | Corona lobes inserted on backs of anthers or gynostegium; pollinia erect or horizontal. | (38) |
| 32 (31) | Stigma head elongated or beaked, exserted well beyond anther appendages (16) | Metaplexis |
| 32 (31) + | Stigma head disclike, lower than membranous anther appendages. | (33) |
| 33 (32) | Flowers 2-4 cm in diam.; fruit thick walled. | (34) |
| 33 (32) + | Flowers 0.4-1.2(-2) cm in diam.; fruit thin walled. | (36) |
| 34 (33) | Leaf blade pinnately veined, base rounded to cuneate, axils often with reduced stipulelike leaves (23) | Graphistemma |
| 34 (33) + | Leaf blade palmately to pedately 3-5-veined, base cordate, reduced stipulelike leaves absent. | (35) |
| 35 (34) | Corolla tube campanulate; corona lobes linear-subulate, erect, longer than gynostegium; calyx glandular inside (20) | Raphistemma |
| 35 (34) + | Corolla subrotate; corona forming a low, entire or undulate, fleshy ring around base of gynostegium; calyx not glandular inside (21) | Holostemma |
| 36 (33) | Corona much shorter than anthers, ringlike or shallowly cupular, entire, undulate, or deeply 5-notched, without adaxial appendages; corolla often urceolate or campanulate; leaves linear to narrowly elliptic, adaxially often with minute, raised pale dots (19) | Biondia |
| 36 (33) + | Corona well developed, deeply lobed and fleshy and/or with adaxial appendages, sometimes cupular to tubular and membranous, tube apex and throat often with 5-10 teeth, sometimes threadlike, rarely shorter than anthers and then membranous; corolla usually deeply divided, tube usually very shallow, rarely campanulate and then stems erect; leaves very variable in form, adaxially never with raised pale dots. | (37) |
| 37 (36) | Corona lobes circular to almost square, laterally contiguous to form a cup, with narrow inflexed tips; pollinia horizontal (39) | Tylophora |
| 37 (36) + | Corona not as above; pollinia pendulous (18) | Cynanchum |
| 38 (31) | Corolla lobes strongly inflexed in bud, oblong, obviously curved to right at anthesis (40) | Lygisma |
| 38 (31) + | Corolla lobes not inflexed in bud, ovate, straight. | (39) |
| 39 (38) | Corolla salverform, urceolate, or campanulate. | (40) |
| 39 (38) + | Corolla rotate to shallowly bowl-shaped. | (43) |
| 40 (39) | Corona inconspicuous to virtually absent; corolla 1.4-8.5 cm, salverform, inside of tube with 5 longitudinal lines of hairs (32) | Jasminanthes |
| 40 (39) + | Corona conspicuous; corolla usually less than 1.4 cm, if more and salverform then inside of tube uniformly hairy or glabrous. | (41) |
| 41 (40) | Corona lobes with inner appendages often longer than lobe proper and/or lobed or toothed, smooth toward base; corolla always salverform (31) | Telosma |
| 41 (40) + | Corona lobes simple at tips, often ridged or grooved toward base; corolla campanulate to urceolate, rarely almost salverform ( Marsdeniastenantha ). | (42) |
| 42 (41) | Corona lobes with back produced into a conspicuous longitudinal wing; corolla lobes with thickenings at base (34) | Dischidanthus |
| 42 (41) + | Corona lobes with backs convex or shallowly ridged; corolla lobes without any thickening at base (33) | Marsdenia |
| 43 (39) | Corona lobes flattened on back, membranous (28) | Cosmostigma |
| 43 (39) + | Corona lobes fleshy, hooked, spurred, horned, falcate, or turgid, or processes stellately spreading or erect. | (44) |
| 44 (43) | Outer angle of corona lobes produced into curved, stellately spreading, acute, relatively slender horn (36) | Belostemma |
| 44 (43) + | Outer angle of corona lobes rounded or 2-ribbed, if spreading then swollen and rounded. | (45) |
| 45 (44) | Corona lobes as high as anthers and with interior angle forming an acute tooth incumbent on top of the anthers; inflorescences long pedunculate umbel-like clusters of cymules; follicles often with longitudinal or transverse ridges or wings (35) | Dregea |
| 45 (44) + | Corona lobes shorter than anthers, tip incumbent on lower part of anther or on filament; inflorescences with a conspicuously elongated, often branched rachis, rarely condensed and umbel-like and then short pedunculate; follicles always smooth. | (46) |
| 46 (45) | Corona lobes each with a pair of longitudinal wings on back (38) | Pentastelma |
| 46 (45) + | Corona lobes ovoid, rounded on back. | (47) |
| 47 (46) | Inflorescence rachis fleshy, bracts ovate, ca. 1 mm; corolla lobes ca. 4 mm wide; follicles with a thick, fibrous mesocarp (37) | Merrillanthus |
| 47 (46) + | Inflorescence rachis slender, bracts linear-lanceolate, 1.5-2 mm; corolla lobes 1-3 mm wide; follicles with a thin mesocarp (39) | Tylophora |
具有乳汁的多年生草本、藤本、直立或藤状灌木或木质藤本；根部木质或肉质成块状。叶对生或轮生，全缘，羽状脉，有叶柄，叶柄顶端通常具有丛生的腺体，稀无叶；通常无托叶。聚伞花序通常组成伞形状，有时成伞房状或总状，腋生或顶生；花两性，整齐，5基数；花萼筒短，裂片5，双盖覆瓦状或镊合状排列，内面基部通常有腺体；花冠合瓣，辐状或坛状，稀高脚碟状，顶端5裂，裂片旋转状、覆瓦状或镊合状；副花冠通常存在，为5枚离生或基部合生的裂片或鳞片所组成，有时双轮，着生于花冠筒上或雄蕊背部或合蕊冠上，稀退化成2纵列毛或瘤状突起；雄蕊5，与雌蕊粘生成中心柱，称合蕊柱，花药连生成一环而贴生于柱头基部的膨大处，花丝合生成为1个有密腺的筒，称合蕊冠；花粉联合包在一层软韧的薄膜内成为花粉块，通常通过花粉块柄而系结于着粉腺上，每花药有花粉块2个或4个，但在初期，四合花粉为颗粒状，松弛地承载在匙形的载粉器上，而每花药只有1个载粉器；子房上位，为2个离生心皮组成，花柱短，柱头通常盘状五角形，胚珠多颗，数排。蓇葖果双生或因1个不发育而成为单生；种子多数，其顶端具有丛生的白（黄）色绢质的种毛；胚直立；子叶扁平。约180属，2200种，分布于世界热带、亚热带，少数温带地区。我国产45属，250种，20变种，分布于西南部及东南部为多，少数在西北和东北各省区。云南有36属，134种，9变种。
2．萝藦科——ASCLEPIADACEAE
具有乳汁的多年生草本、藤本、直立或攀援灌木；根部木质或肉质成块状。叶对生或轮生，具柄，全缘，羽状脉；叶柄顶端通常具有丛生的腺体，稀无叶；通常无托叶。聚伞花序通常伞形，有时成伞房状或总状，腋生或顶生；花两性，整齐，5数；花萼筒短，裂片5，双盖覆瓦状或镊合状排列，内面基部通常有腺体；花冠合瓣，辐状、坛状，稀高脚碟状，顶端5裂片，裂片旋转，覆瓦状或镊合状排列；副花冠通常存在，为5枚离生或基部合生的裂片或鳞片所组成，有时双轮，生在花冠筒上或雄蕊背部或合蕊冠上，稀退化成2纵列毛或瘤状突起；雄蕊5，与雌蕊粘生成中心柱，称合蕊柱；花药连生成一环而腹部贴生于柱头基部的膨大处；花丝合生成为1个有蜜腺的筒，称合蕊冠，或花丝离生，药隔顶端通常具有阔卵形而内弯的膜片；花粉粒联合包在1层软韧的薄膜内而成块状，称花粉块，通常通过花粉块柄而系结于着粉腺上，每花药有花粉块2个或4个；或花粉器通常为匙形，直立，其上部为载粉器，内藏有四合花粉，载粉器下面有1载粉器柄，基部有1粘盘，粘于柱头上，与花药互生，稀有4个载粉器粘生成短柱状，基部有1共同的载粉器柄和粘盘；无花盘；雌蕊1，子房上位，由2个离生心皮所组成，花柱2，合生，柱头基部具五稜，顶端各式；胚珠多数，数排，着生于腹面的侧膜胎座上。蓇葖双生，或因1个不发育而成单生；种子多数，其顶端具有丛生的白（黄）色绢质的种毛；胚直立，子叶扁平。
约180属，2200种，分布于世界热带、亚热带，少数温带地区。我国产44属，245种，33变种，分布于西南及东南部为多，少数在西北与东北各省区。
本科植物起源于第三纪，在该纪的地层中曾发现过钉头果属Gomphocarpus R. Br. 植物的化石。
本科植物乃系热带植物区系的主要科，它比夹竹桃科植物有更广泛的分布和发展。除秦岭藤属Biondia Schltr.，金凤藤属Dolichopetalum Tsiang，驼峰藤属Merril-lanthus Chun et Tsiang，白水藤属Pentastelma Tsiang et P. T. Li 和天星藤属Gra- phistemma Champ. ex Benth. et Hook. f. 五个属为我国特有属外，其余各属均与世界热带、亚热带和温带地区有密切关联，其中与亚洲有关系的有36个属，约占81%，其次为非洲12个属，大洋洲7个属，美洲4个属，欧洲4个属。在国内分布几乎各省区均有本科植物生长（表2），其分布范围在东经75°-135°，北纬18°-52°之间，但分布中心却在西南和华南地区，几乎全产。属分布最多的在云南省，有34属，占77%，其次为广西、广东和贵州。种类最多的属为鹅绒藤属Cynanchum Linn.,全国各省区均有分布，其次为杠柳属Periploca Linn. 和娃儿藤属Tylophora R. Br.。分布最广的种为徐长卿Cynanchum paniculatum (Bunge) Kitagawa，白薇Cynanchum atratum Bunge，牛皮消Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight 等，它们均分布在16个省区以上。栽培的有钉头果属Gomphocarpus R. Br.，豹皮花属Stapelia Linn.。本科绝大多数为草质或木质藤本，少数为直立灌木或草本，几乎都含白色乳汁，稀含有紫色液汁，如黑鳗藤Stephanotis mucronata（Blanco）Merr.，黑色液汁，如假木通Stephanotis chunii Tsiango叶交互对生，稀轮生，没有互生，全缘，稀无叶植物，如肉珊瑚属Sarcostemma R. Br. 。很少为茎肉质多浆植物，如球兰属Hoya R. Br.，豹皮花属Stapelia Linn.。茎、枝攀援或缠绕通常不生气根，少数种类却附生在树上或石上，生出不定根以吸收养料和水分，如球兰属植物。花通常小形，稀中形，如吊灯花属Ceropegia Linn.，豹皮花属Stapelia Linn.，黑鳗藤属Stephanotis Thou. 及大花藤属Raphistemma Wall. 等仅相对地稍大一些。通常为聚伞花序，顶生或生于叶腋内或腋外生，通常互生，稀对生。若花序腋生时，同节对面叶腋内的花序通常保持不育或腋生一营养枝。
本科的花的结构图式完全一致，其花萼裂片、花冠裂片及雄蕊均为五基数，单雌蕊二心皮，子房上位。花冠形状通常为辐状（轮状）或坛状，稀高脚碟状，花冠裂片镊合状或覆瓦状排列。若覆瓦状排列，其覆盖与旋转方向通常是相反的，即花冠裂片在花蕾时向左覆盖，其上部则向右旋转；反之，向右覆盖则向左旋转，这些特征亦是与夹竹桃科相统一的。
花粉块和副花冠特征是萝藦科最主要的分类依据。花粉器上有花粉块数量的多寡和有无花粉块柄是分亚科的唯一特征。若花粉器上有4个花粉块，固定于1个细小淡色无柄的着粉腺上的，则为螂鱼藤亚科Subfam. Secamonoideae，如花粉器上只有2个花粉块，固定于1个紫红色有柄的着粉腺上，则为马利筋亚科Subfam. Asclepiadoideae。花粉块的方向和位置是很重要的特征，它是马利筋亚科分族的主要依据之一。其方向和位置的确定是将着粉腺视作水平点，若花粉块位置在着粉腺下方，花粉块顶端通过花粉块柄与着粉腺连结，此谓之“花粉块下垂”，如马利筋族Trib. Asclepiadeae; 反之，花粉块位置在着粉腺上方，花粉块基部通过花粉块柄与着粉腺连结，则称为“花粉块直立”，如牛奶菜族Trib. Marsdenieae大部分属；若花粉块与着粉腺位置在同一个水平上，其花粉块顶端或基部通过花粉块柄与着粉腺连结，称为“花粉块平展”，如娃儿藤属Tylophora R. Br. 和箭药藤属Belostemma Wall. ex Wight。花粉块的形状，一般为长圆状、卵圆状或长卵状，两端圆或一端较窄，长度为300-1130μ，阔度为85-77μ，大小因属种的不同而有所差异。花粉块外边是1层软韧的薄膜，有时成为一层薄膜边缘，如球兰属Hoya R. Br.，有时成为一内角薄膜，如吊灯花属Ceropegia Linn.。内面藏着的颗粒花粉粘挤得很紧，成为多角形，无萌发孔，表面近于光滑，没有清楚的雕纹。副花冠特征是萝藦科分属的主要依据。它与花丝位置在一起，稀副花冠缺如，或仅有微形而膜质的副花冠着生在合蕊冠的基部，如乳突果属Adelostemma Hook. f.，或副花冠退化成丛毛条带或硬块着生在花冠筒上，如匙羹藤属Gymnema R. Br.。通常为单轮副花冠，着生于合蕊冠上，若副花冠极短，高不及合蕊冠一半者为秦岭藤属Biondia Schltr.，副花冠呈星状射出则为球兰属Hoya R. Br.，若副花冠裂片为圆球状膨胀则为娃儿藤属Tylophora R. Br.，如果副花冠呈杯状或条裂则通常是鹅绒藤属Cynanchum Linn.，有的副花冠呈镰刀状，如螂鱼藤属Secamone R. Br．、锚状，如眼树莲属 Dischidia R. Br.、侧面平板状，如白水藤属 Pentastelma Tsiang et P. T. Li，等等，稀双轮副花冠，如尖槐藤属Oxystelma R. Br.，肉珊瑚属Sarcostemma R. Br.、豹皮花属Stapelia Linn.。花药侧面联合形成五角形的钝锥状，腹部粘生于柱头基部，花药顶端通常有内弯的膜片，保护花粉块的发育。子房的心皮保持分离，但花柱联合向上形成共同的膨大的柱头，柱头通常顶端平坦或成短圆锥状，甚至有长喙。果实类型完全一致性，由一对蓇葖组成或因1个不发育而成单生，外果皮通常平滑，稀有刺，如刺瓜Cynanchum corymbosum Wight，钉头果 Gomphocarpus fruticosus（L.）R. Br.，或有翅，如南山藤 Dregea volubilis（L. f.）Benth. ex Hook. f.，或成褶皱环片状的，如贯筋藤 Dregea sinensis Hemsl. var. corrugata（Schneid.）Tsiang et P. T. Li。种子顶端全部冠有一丛白（黄）色绢质种毛；种毛长为种子的5-10倍，易于借助气流传播种子繁殖。
本科植物通常有毒，乳汁及根部毒性较大，如牛角瓜属Calotropis R．Br.，马利筋属Asclepias Linn.，鱼即鱼藤属Sacamone R. Br.，钉头果属Gomphocarpus R. Br.，青羊参Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid.，丽江牛皮消Cynanchum likiangense W. T. Wang ex Tsiang et P. T. Li，大白药Marsdenia griffithii Hook. f.，百灵草Maxsdenia longipes W. T. Wang ex Tsiang et P. T. Li，三分丹Tylophora atrofolliculata Metc.，七层楼Tylophora floribunda Miq. 等等，但可作药用，治蛇咬伤、跌打、接骨、风湿关节炎、肿瘤、疮毒等和作杀虫剂，毒杀农业害虫和虎豹。它们含有多种生物硷和甙类，如马利筋甙（curassavicin），马利筋配糖体（asclepiadin），鹅绒藤甙（cynanchin），白前甙（cynanchocerin），娃儿藤甙（tylophorin），牛角瓜硷（calotropin）和催吐白前甙（vincetoxin）等等，有强心作用，是重要的药物原料。本科大多数为药用植物，如萝藦属Metaplexis R. Br.，马利筋属Asclepias Linn.，鹅绒藤属Cynanchum Linn.，牛角瓜属 CalotropisR. Br．，钉头果属Gomphocarpus R．Br．，纤冠藤属Gongronema（Endl.）Decne.，天星藤属 Graphistemma Champ. ex Benth. et Hook．f．，匙羹藤属 Gymnema R. Br.，醉魂藤属 Heterostemma Wight et Arn．，球兰属 Hoya R．Br.，铰剪藤属 Holostemma R． Br.，牛奶菜属Marsdenia R. Br.，尖槐藤属Oxystelma R. Br.，石萝藦属Pentasacme Wall. ex Wight，肉珊瑚属Sarcostemma R. Br.，黑鳗藤属Stephanotis Thou.，夜来香属Telosma Coville，弓果藤属Toxocarpus Wight et Arn.，润肺草属Brachystelma R. Br.，娃儿藤属Tylophora R. Br. 和螂鱼藤属Secamone R. Br. 等21个属植物以上，可治多种疾病，如癌症、跌打、风湿关节炎、淋巴结核、痈肿疔毒、小儿疳积、哮喘等。产胶植物有地梢瓜Cynanchum thesioides（Freyn）K. Schum．，漾濞牛奶菜 Marsdenia yaungpiensis Tsiang et P. T. Li等。纤维植物有：通光散 Marsdenia tenacissima （Roxb．） Wight et Arn., 青洋参Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid., 南山藤属Dregea E. Mey., 钉头果属Gomphocarpus R. Br.和萝藦属 Metaplexis R. Br. 等。此外，还有产蓝色染料植物，如蓝叶藤Marsdenia tinctoria R. Br.，球花牛奶菜Marsdenia globifera Tsiang 和海南牛奶菜 Marsdenia hainanensis Tsiang 等。观赏植物有：球兰属Hoya R. Br.，豹皮花属Stapelia Linn. 和肉珊瑚属Sarcostemma R. Br.等。
由于萝藦科的主要器官“花粉器”各部分术语，各家用词不统一，我们认为有必要专化，这些名词只有萝藦科专用，所以在图1说明之。
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