学名(拉丁名) | Medicago |
中文名 | 苜蓿属 |
命名人 | Linn. |
中文科名 | 豆科 |
类型 | genus |
拉丁科名 | Leguminosae |
学名(拉丁名) | Medicago |
中文名 | 苜蓿属 |
中文科名 | 蝶形花科 |
类型 | genus |
拉丁科名 | Papilionaceae |
学名(拉丁名) | Medicago |
类型 | genus |
拉丁科名 | Leguminosae |
学名(拉丁名) | Medicago |
中文名 | 苜蓿属 |
类型 | genus |
拉丁科名 | Fabaceae |
学名(拉丁名) | Medicago |
中文名 | 苜蓿属 |
中文科名 | 豆科 |
类型 | genus |
拉丁科名 | Fabaceae |
1 | 荚果不作螺旋转曲;多年生。 (2) | |
1 | 荚果呈螺旋形转曲;一、二年生或多年生。 (7) | |
2 | 荚果肾形,甚小,长不到3毫米。种子1粒;花小,长不到2.5毫米。 | 天蓝苜蓿 Medicago lupulina |
2 | 荚果大,长8毫米以上。 (3) | |
3 | 荚果镰形或线形,直或弧形弯曲达半圈左右,宽不到3毫米。 | 野苜蓿 Medicago falcata |
3 | 荚果长圆形至半月形,宽4毫米以上。 (4) | |
4 | 荚果和植株均密被毛;花冠黄色,长约5毫米。 | 毛荚苜蓿 Medicago edgeworthii |
4 | 荚果几无毛,植株被微毛或无毛;花冠黄色,中央带赤褐色斑,长6毫米以上。 (5) | |
5 | 荚果宽7-9毫米;小叶较大;茎无毛。 | 阔荚苜蓿 Medicago platycarpos |
5 | 荚果宽6毫米以下;小叶较小;茎多少被柔毛。 (6) | |
6 | 花序松散,具花4-5朵;小叶倒卵形至圆形,托叶戟形。 | 青海苜蓿 Medicago archiducisnicolai |
6 | 花序紧列,具花6-9 (-15) 朵;小叶倒披针形、楔形至线形,托叶披针形。 | 花苜蓿 Medicago ruthenica |
7 | 多年生。 (8) | |
7 | 一、二年生。 (10) | |
8 | 灌木。 | 木本苜蓿 Medicago arborea |
8 | 草本。 (9) | |
9 | 荚果旋转1-1.5圈,中央有孔;花冠黄白色或各色。 | 杂交苜蓿 Medicago varia |
9 | 荚果旋转2-4 (-6) 圈,中央无孔或近无孔;花冠紫色或各色。 | 紫苜蓿 Medicago sativa |
10 | 叶片无毛或近无毛;荚果皿形,径4-10毫米。 (11) | |
10 | 叶片明显被毛;荚果球形,径小于4.5毫米。 (12) | |
11 | 叶柄比总花梗长2-5倍,小叶有褐色斑,托叶三角形,齿裂至浅撕裂状。 | 褐斑苜蓿 Medicago arabica |
11 | 叶柄长不超过总花梗的2倍,小叶无斑纹,托叶撕裂或条状缺刻。 | 南苜蓿 Medicago polymorpha |
12 | 总花梗比叶柄短,具花1-2朵;小叶疏被毛,托叶小,深裂。 | 早花苜蓿 Medicago praecox |
12 | 总花梗通常比叶柄长,具花2-10朵;小叶密被毛,托叶全缘或具不明显锯齿。 | 小苜蓿 Medicago minima |
1 | Legume spirally coiled | (2) |
1 + | Legume not spirally coiled | (8) |
2 (1) | Perennial herbs or shrubs; legume spineless | (3) |
2 (1) + | Annual or biennial herbs; legume with spines or tubercles | (5) |
3 (2) | Shrubs. (9) | M. arborea |
3 (2) + | Herbs | (4) |
4 (3) | Legume tightly coiled in 2-4(-6) spirals, center solid or nearly so; corolla variable in color, white, deep blue, to dark purple. (7) | M. sativa |
4 (3) + | Legume loosely coiled in 1-1.5 spirals, center hollow; corolla yellow to brownish purple. (8) | M. Ãvaria |
5 (2) | Leaflets obviously hairy; legume globose, less than 4.5 mm in diam | (6) |
5 (2) + | Leaflets glabrous or glabrescent; legume discoid, 4-10 mm in diam | (7) |
6 (5) | Petiole shorter than peduncle, stipule entire or obscurely serrate, leaflets densely hairy; inflorescence 2-10-flowered. (10) | M. minima |
6 (5) + | Petiole longer than peduncle, stipule small, incised, leaflets sparsely pilose; inflorescence 1- or 2-flowered. (11) | M. praecox |
7 (5) | Petiole not more than 2 × as long as peduncle, stipule laciniate or lacerate, leaflets without dark blotch. (12) | M. polymorpha |
7 (5) + | Petiole 2-5 × as long as peduncle, stipule triangular, incised to laciniate, leaflets with a dark central blotch. (13) | M. arabica |
8 (1) | Legume less than 3 mm. (1) | M. lupulina |
8 (1) + | Legume more than 8 mm | (9) |
9 (8) | Legume falcate or linear, straight or curved to arcuate, less than 3 mm wide | (10) |
9 (8) + | Legume oblong to semilunar, more than 4 mm wide | (12) |
10 (9) | Plants perennial; flowers in crowded pedunculate racemes. (6) | M. falcata |
10 (9) + | Plants annual; flowers solitary to few in sessile to shortly stalked clusters | (11) |
11 (10) | Flowers 1 or 2(or 3), 6-8 mm, sessile; legume more than 40 mm. (14) | M. monantha |
11 (10) + | Flowers 2-5, 4-5 mm, shortly pedunculate; legume less than 30 mm. (15) | M. orthoceras |
12 (9) | Plants densely pubescent; flowers yellow, ca. 5 mm. (5) | M. edgeworthii |
12 (9) + | Plants glabrous or slightly puberulent; flowers yellow with scarlet spot, more than 6 mm | (13) |
13 (12) | Legume 5-9 mm wide; stems glabrous; leaflets (15-)20-30 × (8-)15-25 mm (2) | M. platycarpos |
13 (12) + | Legume less than 6 mm wide; stems ± puberulent; leaflets 6-18(-25) × (1.5-)3-12 mm | (14) |
14 (13) | Flowers 4 or 5 in a scattered thyrse; leaflets ovate to orbicular; stipules hastate. (3) | M. archiducis-nicolaii |
14 (13) + | Flowers (4-)6-9(-15) in dense fascicles; leaflets cuneate-linear to oblanceolate; stipules lanceolate. (4) | M. ruthenica |
一年生或多年生草本,稀为半灌木。茎直立或铺散。叶为羽状三出复叶;托叶贴生于叶柄基部;小叶上端有细齿,中下部边缘全缘。花序总状或密集如头状,腋生;花冠黄色、紫色或近白色等;萼状近相等;旗瓣长圆形或倒卵形,龙骨瓣短于翼瓣;雄蕊10枚,成二体(9+1);花柱针状,无毛,柱头头状。荚果成螺旋形卷曲,少为镰形弯曲或肾形,不裂开,平滑或有刺,含种子1至数粒。本属60余种,主要分布于欧洲、亚洲和非洲。我国约有10种;云南有2种。本属植物常为优良牧草。
117. 苜蓿属 Medicago Linn.
Linn. Sp. Pl. 778. 1753, et Gen. Pl. ed. 5. 339. 1754; Ser. in DC. Prodr. 2: 171. 1825; K. Lesins & I. Lesins, Gen. Medic. Tax. Study 61. 1979.——Mehlotoides Heist. ex Fabr. Enum. Meth. Pl. ed. 2, 404. 1763; Yakovl. Pl. Asia. Centr. 8a: 86. 1988.——Melissitus Medic. Phyl. Bot. 1: 209. 1787. pro parte.——Pocockia Ser. in DC. Prodr. 2: 185. 1825. pro parte.——Turukhania Vass. in Nov. Syst. Pl. Vase. 16: 132. 1979.——KamiellaVass. op. cit. 134. 1979.
一年生或多年生草本,稀灌木,无香草气味。羽状复叶,互生;托叶部分与叶柄合生,全缘或齿裂;小叶3,边缘通常具锯齿,侧脉直伸至齿尖。总状花序腋生,有时呈头状或单生,花小,一般具花梗;苞片小或无;萼钟形或筒形,萼齿5,等长;花冠黄色,紫苜蓿及其它杂交种常为紫色、堇青色、褐色等,旗瓣倒卵形至长圆形,基部窄,常反折,翼瓣长圆形,一侧有齿尖突起与龙骨瓣的耳状体互相钩住,授粉后脱开,龙骨瓣钝头;雄蕊两体,花丝顶端不膨大,花药同型;花柱短,锥形或线形,两侧略扁,无毛,柱头顶生,子房线形,无柄或具短柄,胚珠1至多数。荚果螺旋形转曲、肾形、镰形或近于挺直,比萼长,背缝常具棱或刺;有种子1至多数。种子小,通常平滑,多少呈肾形,无种阜;幼苗出土子叶基部不膨大,也无关节。
属名模式:紫苜蓿 Medicago sativa Linn.*
本属约70余种,分布地中海区域、西南亚、中亚和非洲。我国有13种,1变种。
本属多系重要的饲料植物,世界各地广泛引种栽培。
* J. P. Tournefort 在1700年指定的属模式种是 M. radium Linn. 后来该种移人胡卢巴属,乃重新选择 M. sativa Linn. 为模式,尚有争议。见 Baum, Taxon 19(l): 80. 1970.